Extending the idea of the intensity waves, a new term, that of polarization waves is introduced. Unlike the light waves, the intensity waves and the polarization waves belong to the class of observable phenomena. The formalism of intensity waves and of polarization waves is presented for some simple fundamental cases.

Some consequences of spatio-temporal symmetry for the deterministic decomposition of complex light fields into factorized components are considered. This enables to reveal interrelations between spatial and temporal coherence properties of wave. An estimation of average number of the decomposition terms is obtained in the case of statistical ensemble of light pulses.

An analysis of the statistical properties of light generated by laser having resonator with Gaussian output mirror has been developed. The semiclassical approach based on the stationary solution of the Fokker-Planck equation is used. We have obtained numerical results revealing the influence of the resonator geometry and Gaussian mirror parameter on the mean laser intensity and the intensity fluctuations.

A semiclassical model of the nonlinear operation of the waveguide and slab laser with Gaussian mirror is presented. Nonlinear self-consistent equations including transverse and longitudinal field dependence, gain saturation, spatial hole burning and nonlinear dispersion effects are derived. With the help of energy theorem an approximate solution for steady state single mode operation is present,d which relate the small signal gain to the output power and the laser system characteristic parameters. Characteristics revealing the effects of system parameters are presented for various cavity configurations.

An analytical method to recover the 2D probability density function (PDF) of a random light field from the PDF of photon counts is presented. Some illustrations of the inversion procedure are given with application to the problem of light intensity interferometry.

One of the major limitations of intensity interferometry both in space and time domain is that only the linearly filtered signals could be registered in photon-counting mode. However, this restriction can be removed by a prior processing of the registered signal in a simple way before image formation from the field correlation function. This is a typical example of ill-posed inverse problems for non- symmetric transforms. We investigate the implementation of eigen function method to the problem of correlation function restoration from the photocurrent data. The effectiveness of the restoration procedure for the typical examples of astronomic images is investigated by computer simulation, both for symmetric and non-symmetric objects with phase restoration by the application of incoherent reference source.

This communication deals with the problem of image reconstruction in astronomy by means of a statistical analysis of the intensity of speckle patterns present at the focus of a large ground-based telescope. It emphasizes the importance of the order of the statistical analysis to be performed. Twofold and threefold statistical analyses are commonly used in speckle interferometry and in speckle masking, this later technique taking advantage of a phase closure effect for full recovery of the astronomical object. The question may arise on the interest of higher order analyses. Making use of simplifying hypotheses, we give a partial answer to this question. Under the assumption that the N points defining the object are well separated one another regard to the telescope resolution, we show that a statistical analysis of order N completely defines the statistical properties of the image speckle pattern. This result is based upon the fact that the characteristic function (CF) of order N + 1 can be written as function of CF's of order N and that the cumulant of order N + 1 is equal to zero.

In this paper we suggest an algorithm of approximate Karhunen-Loeve (KL) transform which reduces the dimensionality of the problem. The new idea is to take into account every subsequent signal, which is not included in training set, with small counting cost. This signal is projected on somehow extended basis obtained on the previous step, then the correlation matrix int his representation is calculated, and the result is diagonalized, taking into account new signal. As far as KL basis obtained on the previous step should be quite optimal for every new analyzed signal, the correlation matrix will have small number of nondiagonal elements comparable with the average eigenvalue of the matrix. The main advantage is that we have quite good estimation of the KL basis at every moment of the calculation process. Hence, the suggested algorithm is well suited for real-time calculation.

Structural correlation analysis is carried out for 1D signals, represented as phase images. For LFM signals, mapped into generalized phase plane with coordinates x equals S, y equals S"/S, sensitivity of correlation analysis to staggering of deviation frequency is invariant to impulse duration and increase with increase of carrier frequency and decrease of initial deviation. Phase representation of LFM signals essentially improves the sensitivity of coherent optical processing in comparison with binary raster representation.

With physics and astronomy development the distorted as a result of information loose during compression or as a result of noise, low intensity distribution of light sources, the necessity of image restoration arise. Proposed in this paper method of digital information processing allows to provide the complex image restoration. The contrast between different parts of image as well as image's and its borders sharpness are improved by the proposed method application. Besides, resultant image can be enlarged without any limitation and, in spite of this enlargement, without any distortions of objects borders caused by discreteness of initial one. Smooth changes of color gradations are kept as in initial image during enlargement. In current paper some examples of images, received after Karhunen-Loeve compression and some kinds of astronomy optical information were processed by means of the method proposed. The method describe in current paper can be applied for improving of compressed images after restoration, which arises in different kinds of physics investigations such as intensity interferometry, optical astronomy, etc. Besides, by means of the method proposed the noise filtration of image and its sharpness increasing after transferring through the optical connection lines can be fulfilled.

This paper proposes for consideration an additional mechanism for influencing the exciton absorption spectra and observing temperature redistribution peculiarities of the crystal absorptive power. They are caused by nonlinear phonon-exciton interactions, which are due to anharmonic effects in the exciton-phonon system. The arising of the borderline frequency, which possesses the smallest region of optical bistability realization, is caused by a break in the direction of the absorption curve. At low temperatures the basic role is played by the exciton-exciton interaction, and at high temperatures nonlinear exciton-exciton-phonon processes play the most important role the value of the borderline frequency is defined by the size and sign of the nonlinear exciton-exciton-phonon function as well as by the crystal temperature and the exciton density, which is created by the external powerful laser wave.

Secure communications based on chaos have been investigated for some years, especially in the area of radio frequency transmissions. Signal decoding and decoding is then generally achieved using a RF carrier whose amplitude fluctuates chaotically. Recent advances have also been reported in the field of optical telecommunications. Optical chaos produced by random fluctuations of laser power is the sued to encrypt signals. However most of the system reported so far are plagued by their low flexibility which makes difficult the key to be changed easily. We report experiments in which chaos in wavelength, rather than in power, is advantageously used to encrypt signals. The latter are encrypted as chaotic fluctuations of the wavelength of a tunable semiconductor laser driven by a generator of chaos. Decoding makes use of another generator of chaos operating as a local oscillator synchronized on the first one. The first results are reported in the wavelength range of 1550 nm.

The results on investigation of a thin structure of optical speckle fields about a so-called zero-amplitude points are presented. Connection among the object's characteristics, on the one hand, and polarization features of the field about zero-amplitude points, on the other hand, is discussed. It is shown that the polarization state in the vicinity of zero-amplitude points is of deterministic nature. Various polarization states vs the kind of dislocation realized are considered.

The appearance of wave front dislocations under interference among beams with simple wave fronts is considered. It is shown, that even two beams with the smooth wave fonts is possible the formation of dislocations screw type. The screw dislocations are formed in cross point of lines of equal amplitude of beams and minimum of an interference pattern.

It is shown that the axis dislocation angle rotation of a circular polarized CP mode is an optical Magnus effect manifestation in a parabolic index low-mode fiber. The sum of the even and odd CP modes forms the circular polarized vortex. Arising additional phase (gamma) _b equals +/- (delta) (beta) ₂₁z of this vortex is a topological Berry phase. This phase appears due to a cycle changing axis direction of CP mode dislocation. The collection of CV and IV vortices forms the linear polarized LV vortex. The linear polarization azimuth of the LV vortex accomplishes the angle rotation - Rytov effect. In a step-index optical fiber CP mode may be considered as a superposition of stable CV and unstable IV vortices. At the fiber lengths equal to the half of a beat length, a CP mode forms a circular polarized edge dislocation, and at the lengths equal to the odd number of the quarter of a beat length a linear polarized pure screw dislocation is considered as a conversion of a spin momentum into a n orbital momentum. The conversion process of an angular momentum shows a dynamical unity of an optical Magnus effect and a topological Berry phase in the low-mode fiber fields. The physical nature of a topological Berry phase consists in the stimulation of a flow of a momentum density in the field of a CP mode arising due to the rotation of a linear wave polarization. The optical Magnus effect also stimulates a flow of the momentum density because of the rotation of the axis of linear polarized disclinations.

The polarization structure of coherent optical fields in the vicinity of minimal intensity and its connection with wave front dislocations is considered.

The dynamic behavior of laser speckle patterns, caused by in-plane motion of a diffusing object under illumination with coherent light, has been sued in the past in many applications to measure the displacement and the velocity of moving objects. In this paper, we present a speckle pattern based detector which measures the movement rather than the velocity of the object.Two pairs of interlaced differential comb-detectors produce two periodic signals in quadratree, which permit to measure the movement and its direction without ambiguity and at arbitrarily low speed. With two orthogonally oriented detector arrays of this type, 2D movements in the plane can be determined. The output signals of these detectors are of statistical nature. The comb- detectors act as periodic filters to the spatial frequency spectrum of the intensity of the speckle pattern. By appropriate choice of the speckle size and the comb-detector period, the output signals versus displacement are quasi- sinusoidal with statistical amplitude and phase. First and second order statistics of these signals have been investigated to determine the reliability and the accuracy of the measurement. All theoretical results have been verified by numerical simulations and by experimental measurements.

Partially and fully developed speckle fields form cylindrical surfaces are described analytically with special emphasis on the measurement of surface translations. Based on the ABCD-matrix method, two generic optical system for determining angular velocities and angular displacements will be analyzed. It will be shown that robust, non-contact optical system for industrial applications can be produced. The basic system that is analyzed is as follows: a laser beam of arbitrary radius of curvature illuminates a pane or curved surface. The speckles in a plane following an optical system are analyzed with respect to various target deformations. Specifically, the speckle translation, the speckle size and the speckle decorrelation in the detector pane will be analyzed.

A theoretical method making it possible to describe scattering form waveguide structures with periodically and randomly perturbed boundary is presented. This method is based on the approximate assumption of single scattering and the geometric-optical approach for the propagation of the optical field in the waveguide. Experimental results for photoresist waveguides with holographically recorded sinusoidal gratings show that the theory can correctly predict fundamental features of the scattered field.

The optoelectronic pattern recognition processor has to deal with scenes including various backgrounds. The background around the target may change the correlation peak value and can lead to false alarms. In this paper phase encoded input scenes with non-overlapping uniform background have been analyzed. The phase-only filter matched to a phase encoded target and the phase version of a minimum-mean-square-error filter, have been applied during the recognition procedure. Digital and optical results obtained for various input scenes have shown that in the case of a high level of non- overlapping input background the introduction of phase encoding scenes can significantly improve the recognition results.

Performance of nonlinearly recorded reflection hologram read out in associative regime is studied. It is shown, that the combination gratings associated with the quadratic component of an amplitude response of such a hologram provide its unconventional imaging properties causing the conjugate imaging side by side with the primary image reconstruction or even instead of it. Static hologram-based double phase conjugation is reported for the first time.

Phase conjugating properties of a quadric hologram with a standing reference wave are grounded and demonstrated. It is shown that the quadratic component of an amplitude response of a nonlinearly recorded hologram provides auto- and heteroassociative image reconstruction in self-conjugation fashion. Error-correcting features of a quadric hologram- based associative reconstruction are discussed, and the possibilities for combining of optical phase conjugation with an image processing are explicated and demonstrated for the first time.

This report is concerned with the questions of production techniques and the result of theoretical calculation and experimental investigations for diffraction optical elements including narrowband hologram filters and high efficient transmitting gratings intended for using in visible and near IR ranges and made on un-hardened layers of dichromated gelatin with a thickness of 10 micrometers to 120 micrometers . The obtained experimental results are compared with expected theoretical ones.

Questions of calculating and manufacturing high-frequency computer-generated hologram optical elements (CGHOEs), including multilevel ones are considered. Results received by a developed method of manufacturing such elements are presented. Particular examples of use of CGHOEs in optical system for various purpose are presented.

The characteristics of hologram diffraction gratings (HDGs) which have been obtained using inorganic photoresist layer are presented. Ion etching methods have been used for broadening the spectral range of operation. The possibility of obtaining HDGs has been demonstrated, which have blaze angels of 4 degrees to 25 degrees and diffraction efficiency up to 85 percent. The arrangements for ion etching, developed by us, enable to process plane HDGs with dimensions up to 170 mm, concave HDGs up to 90 mm and relative aperture up to 1:3.5.

Equipment for image holography and for holographic nondestructive testing on the base of ruby laser was designed and constructed. Large coherence length in free- lasing regime is reached.

Fabry-Perot interferometer outline analysis have carried out in the case of wide fan beam illumination. The analyses fits experiment. Holographic setup optimization with this results is recommended.

An object of this research is an influence of the polymer own noise to the quality of the reconstructing image depending on the hologram's thickness.

In this work we offer the method of error compensation of polarimeter measuring owing to non ideal properties of (lambda) / 4 plate.

The approximation algorithm of multicascade system analysis with non-spheric optics is considered. The results of optical realization of scale-invariant transforms is presented.

Mathematical fundamentals of neurobiologic, equivalence algebra and equivalence models of neural networks are considered. Modified equivalence models of neural networks and associative memory for space-invariant 2D pattern recognition are proposed. They are based on the use of equivalence functions, including normalized ones, characterizing the similarity equivalence degree of two images, depending on their mutual space displacement. Relations between the equivalence functions and correlation functions are found out. Simulation results, demonstrating efficiency of the models on the example of 8.8 pixels patterns recognition with number of etalons, equaled to 4. Possible variants of the models implementations are considered. Neural networks architecture for invariant 2D pattern recognition consists of equivalentors, every of which replace two correlators.

Diffraction of radiation by the asymmetric Cantor fractals is studied. Asymmetry parameters of an object and its diffraction field are compared. The field's asymmetry is estimated employing its statistical moments. It has been shown that the statistical asymmetry coefficient of optical fields diffracted by the asymmetric fractals occurs to be acceptable for evaluation of the asymmetry degree of the studied fractals. An empirical relations among fractal level, asymmetry of the object fractals, and coefficients asymmetry of the field diffracted on them measured at the certain zones have been obtained.

The dimension parameters of 2D fractals, such as Sierpindki's carpets is studied using the theory of stochastic oscillations. The correlation exponent v is used as the parameter characterizing the spatial complexity of an optical field. This parameter gives the number of spatial harmonics with incommensurable periods by means of which the structure of the object can be described. Observed quadratic connection between v and fractals levels.

Manifestations of the fractal properties of scattering objects such as rough surfaces in the speckle intensity fluctuations have been studied experimentally and by using computer simulation. The relationships between correlation properties of the boundary field phase distributions and far-zone intensity fluctuations have been studied for different illumination and observation conditions. Also the dependencies of second- and higher-order statistical moments of these fluctuations on the detection conditions have been investigated for fractal and subfractal scatterers. Some applications of the developed technique for surfaces quantification and testing are discussed.

Reproducible properties of referenceless fractalograms, including Fourier-transform and imaging ones, are studied for the first time for example of an aperture bounded with a Koch curve. Peculiarities of the images reconstructed from such fractalograms are explicated proceeding from the Young interpretation of diffraction phenomena. A registration zone of the comprehensive informativity of a referenceless fractalogram is determined, and multi-stage procedure for pre-processing of a fractal-containing optical signal is briefly outlined.

Comparative experimental study on imaging by off-axis fractalograms from a Koch curve and from a diffraction aperture bounded by such a curve is represented. We determine the conditions when the macrostructures of these off-axis fractalogram reconstructions are similar to each other. Diffraction among thin structures of the fractalographic reconstructions are explicated proceeding from the Young-Rubinowicz concept of diffraction phenomena and are demonstrated. The conclusion is grounded that the usage of fractally bounded apertures is preferable into physical experiment providing reconstruction of a pure fractal curve rather than multifractal.

The present state of the problem of random phase objects diagnostics is discussed. Interconnection among the conventional approach based on the notions of probability theory and mathematical statistics, on the one hand, and the novel approach based on the notions of fractal optics and theory of an optical chaos, on the other hand, is considered. The experimental results are represented for illustration of fruitfulness of the discussed approaches.

Possibility of metal vapor active media use for creation of projection stereomicroscope are discussed. In experiments we usually used copper vapor laser amplifier operating on two wavelengths 510,6 and 578,2 nm. Pulse repetition frequency was 10 kHz. The amplification of the projection system was 100-1000. The stereo effect was achieved by projection on the screen of two images with different polarization. The variation of the contrast of the image was performed by the choice of the amplifier pumping parameters.

The relationship between statistical structure parameters of rough surface and associated correlation parameters of scattered field is used to develop a method for rough surface diagnostics. The treatment is based on the model of random phase object with inhomogeneity phase dispersion. The proposed diagnostic methods are applicable to surfaces with roughness period comparable to the radiation wavelength employed, low-reflectance and arbitrarily shaped surfaces, and surfaces of a thin plane-parallel plate. The sensitivity limit of the methods in measuring the standard deviation of surface profile form base line is about 0.003 mm.

The non-crystalline semiconductors exhibit a domain structure. These domains have very small size and are separated by abrupt interfaces with highly distorted covalent bonds. The diffraction effects produced by short- wavelength electromagnetic radiation in various simulated networks have been investigated.

In the present paper physical bases of a new direction in interferometry - laser interferometry of random inhomogeneous objects, within the framework of which in difference from classical interference methods as a measuring signal not the form of interference fringes or dynamics of their change, and contrast of fringes carrying the information o statistical parameters of object are considered. The interference of identical and non-identical partially developed speckle-fields is studied. The dependencies of contrast of mean-intensity holographic interferometers. The possibility of using spatially modulated laser beam to determine statistical parameters of scattering objects, namely, the phase variance, the correlation length, and the form of the coefficient of correlation of optical inhomogeneities, is considered.

Optical method for testing scattering media has been proposed. The technique makes use of inhomogeneous polarized laser radiation as sounding one. If such radiation propagates through scattering medium, light depolarization strictly depends on its characteristics, and this effect provides a way of estimating the statistical parameters of scatterers. Degradation of spatial polarization of sounding radiation is the result of non-local formation of diffracted field. Direct diffraction problem for this model has been solved analytically, and polarization degree distribution in observation plane has been obtained in the random-phase- screen approximation. The theoretical predictions have been compared with experimentally obtained angular dependencies of polarization degree for different values of surface roughness, and the results have been controlled by independent profilometric measurements of diffuser roughness. Obtained results show quite well validity for weak diffusers.

The statistical properties of non-Gaussian speckle in the image plane of the optical system are considered. The analytical expressions are derived for dispersion of intensity fluctuations, intensity correlation function and power spectrum of scattered intensity fluctuations. An experiment carried out at the wavelength 0.63 micrometers has shown a good agreement with data for dispersion of intensity fluctuations whereas experimental data for spectrum width disagree substantially with theoretically predicted behavior. The reasons for a discrepancy between the theoretical and experimental results are discussed.

Application of the optical correlation method to the studies of structure characteristics of turbulence is considered. The structure function D_E((rho) ) of the dielectric constant is determined by measuring the boundary field transverse coherence function. The experimental results obtained are shown to agree well with the theory.

The paper deals with aberrations, introduced by imperfect optical components to adaptive system, which is aimed to reduce a refraction caused divergence of collimated signal beam, sent from underwater. An estimation of their effect is carried out by the example of the most severe of them - due to finite resolution of an adaptive element. By this way limits of the scheme applicability are found out.

Wide application of lasers in the optic of scattering media has stimulated interest to wavefront transformation during light propagation in inhomogeneous media. Depolarization laser field scattered by rough surface are investigated.

Far-zone speckle patterns formation in the case of non- single scattering of the focused coherent probe beams by tissue samples is experimentally studied. Reversible transition between different scattering regimes stimulated by the application of the certain chemical agents to the human sclera samples had been studied using speckle intensity correlation analysis; corresponding results are presented. Possibilities of the scattering structures imaging using structure function analysis of the far-zone dynamic speckles are shown in in-vitro experiments with samples of the human skin epidermis.

The nuclear part of the cataractous bovine lens was investigated. The angular dependence of the light scattered intensities was measured as a function of temperature. The random density fluctuation theory and the Debye theory for a spherical scatterer were adopted to evaluate size of scattering units. The analysis of the experimental data demonstrates the presence of three kinds of scattering units: aggregates, separation between scattering elements and scatterers responsible to the phase separation. The temperature dependence of the light scattered intensity was used to estimation of the spinodal temperature for the sample.

The effect of lecithin concentration on behavior of refractive index of perturbed water-lecithin system is investigated using a polarization interferometer. It is found that the time variations of the refractive index for different lecithin concentrations can be sued to assess the state of the lecithin in water, i.e. detect micelles, single and double molecular layers, etc.

A new optoelectronic sensor whose spectral responsivity to UV radiation is almost identical with that of the human skin or of the eyes is presented. The sensor comprises two closely-spaced UV-sensitive Au-SiC diode, one of which is fitted with a glass filter. The photodiodes are connected to electronics that amplifies, combines and subtracts electrical signals generated by radiation in the photodiodes. The responsivity of the Au-SiC diode structure with a semitransparent gold electrode covers the whole UV spectrum, with the long-wavelength end bounded by the semiconductor bandgap. The photodiode with a filter absorbing wavelengths shorter than 315-320 nm is responsive in the UV-A region, while the difference between the electrical signals generated in the filter-containing and filter-free diodes is determined by the UV-B + IV-C radiation. The measuring of biologically effective radiation over the entire UV spectral range is achieved through combining the signal generated by UV-A radiation and the previously amplified difference signal generated by UV-B + UV-C radiation. The sensor spectral responsivity thus obtained is very close to the tabular curve of the relative spectral effectiveness of UV radiation on the normal human skin or eyes.

The amines fluorescence spectra stimulated by UV laser radiation are investigated in this paper. The fluorescence is stimulated by the coherent laser beam with the wavelength 0.337 micrometers . At the sufficient energy of laser stimulation the narrow peaks of the fluorescence spectra are detected besides the wide maximum. The relationship between the fluorescence intensity and the concentration of amines solutions are investigated. The fluorescence intensity temporal dependence on wavelength 0.363 micrometers of the norepinephrine solution preliminarily radiated by UV laser with wavelength 0.337 micrometers was found. The computer stimulated and experimental investigations of adrenaline and norepinephrine mixtures fluorescence spectra were done. The correlation fluorescent method of amines detection is proposed.

Some physiological aspects of paradont structure and blood microcirculation are described. Results of Monte-Carlo simulations of Doppler shift are presented for model of random medium that containing moving particles. The single- layered and two-layered configurations of the medium are considered. Doppler shift of the frequency of incident laser light is investigated as a function of such parameters as absorption coefficient, scattering coefficient, and thickness of the medium.

An analysis of absorbing and scattering properties of blood and urine plasma proteins is presented. Assessment methods of their spectroscopic parameters, such as extinction, absorption and scattering coefficients, are described. Possibilities for a separate assessment of the albumin and globulin concentrations in biological media are considered.

Polarization characteristics are studied for the radiation scattered by some biological objects, such as bacteriorhodopsin, albumin, and lisocim, as well as by the form elements of a blood. The optimal experimental conditions for measuring of angular dependencies of non-zero components of a light-scattering matrix are determined for these objects. The peculiarities at the angular behavior of the components of light-scattering matrix are found out that are of the most important for evaluation of geometrical and optical parameters of the biological objects under study.

The laser ophthalmological trainer is offered. It provides stimulation of an optic analyzer by means of the simultaneous influence of different sensor zones optic auditory by the modulated laser radiation and the sound signal of the proper frequency. The trainer includes the assembly providing individual control of the permissible dose of radiation and can be used for treatment of partial atrophy of optic nerve, dystrophy of cornea, cornea syndrome after refraction surgery, inflammatory diseases of cornea, and conjunctivitis.

It has been established by experiment that when getting through the system 'skin-subcutaneous fatcubital venus wall' the power of laser radiation decreases by 10 times in the mean. This gives opportunity to use laser radiation with power of 20 MW at the end of the light guide which contacts with the skin surface for obtaining the required power equal to 2 MW in the vessel lumen.

The study of a possible cytotoxic effect of different doses of low-insensitive laser radiation and protective action of low-intensive laser radiation relative to the toxic effect of metals was carried out by means of the alternative method of investigation in vitro on cell cultura Hela. It was established that the investigated doses of low-intensive laser radiation had not produced any toxic effect on cell culture Hela, so the mentioned doses were not cytotoxic. It was revealed that laser radiation reduced the level of the cytotoxic effect of the studied metal salts on the cell culture, and possessed the protective action against the toxic effect of metals. This action has a clear-cut dose- related character.

The vectorial structure of skin biospeckles are investigates. Has shown that field of laser radiation dispersed by the skin ensemble of 100 percent polarized regions.

The vectorial structure laser biospeckles transformed by sections of bone are investigated. Has shown that field of laser radiation dispersed by the thin layer of bone - ensemble of 100 percent polarized region. Proposed the optical model of polarization properties of bone.