This PDF file contains the front matter associated with SPIE Proceedings Volume 10035, including the Title Page, Copyright information, Table of Contents, Introduction (if any), and Conference Committee listing.

We present original statistical algorithms for calculating brightness fields of upward and downward solar radiation in deterministic inhomogeneous clouds in the plane-parallel and spherical atmospheric models. Poisson model on the basis of point fluxes in space is used to simulate the cloud fields. We implemented a few modifications of the algorithms, differing in the methods for simulating free path length and accounting for the molecular absorption. Results of crosschecks of the developed modifications and estimations of their efficiency are presented.

The results of numerical modeling of plankton biomass dynamics during the evolution of the spring riverine thermal bar in Kamloops Lake, British Columbia, Canada are presented. Investigation of hydrobiological processes is accomplished by using the nutrient–phytoplankton–zooplankton model of Franks et al. (1986). The mathematical model developed takes into account the diurnal variability of the heat fluxes on the surface of a body of water. The results obtained show that the variable heat flux affects the growth of phytoplankton and zooplankton in the upper layers of the lake.

A complete set of dipole moment function parameters of sulfur dioxide (³²S¹⁶O₂) were determined up to the second order inclusively. For determining the parameters, the experimental vibrational transition moments of the ν₁, ν₃, ν₁+ν₃, and 2ν₃ bands were used from literature. The vibrational transition moments of the ν₂, 2ν₂, ν₁+ν₂, ν₂+ν₃, and 2ν1 bands with uninvestigated experimentally line intensities were obtained in this work on the basis of the ab initio line intensities of ³²S¹⁶O₂. The results of this work were validated by a comparison of the simulated absorption coefficients with the measured data taken from the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory.

A validation of spectral line parameters of hydrogen sulfide (H₂³²S) from the spectroscopic databases HITRAN2012 and GEISA2009 was carried out. For this aim, the absorption coefficient of H₂³²S calculated by a line-by-line method is compared to experimental data from the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. A list of the spectral line parameters of H₂³²S of the authors is also used for the comparison. The line positions and intensities from the author’s line list were calculated by the effective operator method. The parameters of the effective dipole moment of the ν₂ band of H₂³²S were determined. Finally, the HITRAN2012 and GEISA2009 data differ from the experimental ones in the ν₂ band and there are errors in line positions of the first and second triad bands from HITRAN2012.

The water vapor absorption in the 195–260 GHz region is investigated using asymptotic line wing theory. A knowledge of the absorption by the H₂O lines of the rotational band where the shape of the line wing provides an adequate description of the water vapor absorption data in the 300–1000 cm^-1 interval is not enough to reproduce the absorption data for the microwave region. While asymptotic line wing theory treats the absorption by any colliding molecular pairs and ignores that due to bound dimers, the experimental absorption data reveal the fraction of absorption by the bound water dimers. The role of the local spectral line contribution to the evaluation of the dimer absorption is discussed.

In this work results of classification of patients with broncho-pulmonary diseases based on analysis of exhaled air samples are presented. These results obtained by application of laser photoacoustic spectroscopy method and intellectual data analysis ones (Principal Component Analysis, Support vector machines, neural networks). Absorption spectra of exhaled air of gathered volunteers were registered; data preparation for classification procedure of absorption spectra of exhaled air of healthy and sick people was made. Also error matrices for neural networks and sensitivity/specificity values in case of classification with SVM method were obtained. This work was partially supposed by the Federal Target Program for Research and Development, Contract No. 14.578.21.0082 (unique identifier of applied scientific research and experimental development RFMEFI57814X0082).

This paper reviews the concept of designing an open, horizontally scalable distributed information and computing environment, presented in the form of decentralized resource architecture (including computing nodes, storage nodes, communication channels) with decentralized computations and data management. The distributed infrastructure divided into two main components, the computational cluster and the storage cluster. Management of the cluster assigned to specialized frameworks – the infrastructure manager, network manager, computing manager, storage manager, authorization manager, web manager, upload manager. This paper shows the results of a practical study of the processed meteorological parameters obtained with standard ultrasonic weather station on the developed information-computational environment.

Formation of molecular water complexes that presumably affect the continuum water vapor absorption under nearatmospheric conditions is discussed within a chemical kinetics approach. Small sets of reactions responsible for a homogeneous nucleation of complexes comprised of simple structural units (water monomers) are considered. Sets with complexes containing no more than 5 monomers are examined. Steady states are found for the sets of model equations used, and the stability properties and time dependent concentrations of molecular complexes near the physical steady state are defined. The special features inherent in the behavior of the concentrations depending on the initial conditions and fraction of a foreign gas are revealed.

We examined possibilities of the Kalman filter for reducing the noise effects in the analysis of absorption spectra of gas samples, in particular, for samples of the exhaled air. It has been shown that when comparing groups of patients with broncho-pulmonary diseases on the basis of the absorption spectra analysis of exhaled air samples the data preprocessing with the Kalman filtering can improve the classification sensitivity using a support vector kernel with mpl.

In this work we studied applicability of the laser spectroscopy for fixing differences in composition of exhaled air depending on the position of the body in different physical states. Using principal component analysis we show that the use of the laser spectroscopy methods is sufficiently effective to solve this problem and provide additional opportunities for the comprehensive study of the human condition.

The problem of systematization of published scientific plots presented in graphical form suitable for computer processing is discussed. The purpose of the present work is to briefly introduce a GrafOnto information system (part of W@DIS) for graphical representation of measured and predicted spectral functions relevant to molecular complexes, using Н₂О as an example. Steps involved in the formulation of the problem at hand are described. A digital image model for a scientific plot is built, and a GrafOnto system for creating composite plots that comprises applications and their associated interfaces is constructed.

The current status of the W@DIS information system used for the systematization of spectroscopic data, including rovibronic transitions and energy levels, and data sources is reviewed, where the abbreviation W@DIS stands for Water Internet @ccesible Distributed Information System. Functionalities of W@DIS are outlined. The primary emphasis of W@DIS is on properties of data sources characterizing data quality. Several examples describe the interfaces used to create molecular spectral line lists and representation of binary relations between data sources and typical individuals of the ontology of information resources, states and transitions. The discussion employs the water molecule as an example.

All currently known line positions of hydrogen chloride molecule (HCl) in the region from 7.4 to 18075 cm^-1 were fitted. The reliability of the data sources as well as their consistency were analyzed. Some disagreements were found due to the systematic errors in determination of the line positions. New set of isotopically independent spectroscopic parameters was obtained and used for the calculation of vibration-rotation energy levels. A comparison of the calculated centers of lines with those of the Hitran database was done.

Consider the transfer of radiation in a stratified atmosphere. The analytical expressions for the calculation of transmittance, reflection and absorption ability of dispersed layered environment were obtained. It is established that the conservative scattering of radiation regime of the atmosphere is practically independent of altitude stratification of the aerosol. It is shown that the reflectivity of the atmosphere is only weakly dependent on the optical density of the surface layer with the absorption at any value of optical density of the upper layer and the single scattering albedo. The essential dependence of the absorptivity of the atmosphere from high-altitude parameters stratified atmosphere were established.

This article presents the results of developing a software for surface meteorological observation network storage. Multithreading was used to simulate a distributed cluster of information-computational resources during the software testing. This technology is used to create concurrently executing threads and is supported by practically every operating system. The architecture of the meteorological data network storage was designed and includes the following modules: coordinating module (monitors and displays computing nodes), database manager module (distributes meteorological data and executes user queries), client module (allows accessing the data), terminal modules (allows uploading new data), storage and processing modules (nodes for distributed data storage). The system was designed using platformindependent development tools (Java technologies), underwent simulation testing to improve the module interaction, ensure system performance, stability and reliability during processing large volumes of meteorological data.

The results of preliminary studies narrowband scattering of laser radiation with a wavelength of 532 nm of the complex system of "airgel - water", depending on the water content in airgel nanopores are presented. In order to study the scattering in nanoporous media broadband radiation two versions of photoacoustic calorimeter are tested.

The longwave radiative fluxes were simulated using different water vapor continuum models for meteorological conditions of Tomsk and Volgograd. The atmosphere with various temperatures, water vapor contents and optical depths of cirrus clouds was considered. The contribution of uncertainties in the continuum models to simulation of downward and upward longwave fluxes is estimated.

The averaged energy difference method was applied to calculate water vapor line broadening induced by hydrogen and helium pressure. Calculations were performed for wide ranges of rotational quantum numbers (J from 0 till 20 by the averaged energy difference method and J from 20 till 50 by interpolation of J-dependence), the spectral range is from 500 till 10 000 cm^-1. The temperature exponents were calculated for every mentioned line. Comparisons of the calculated line shape parameters with the literature values are made for H₂O-H₂, -Не colliding systems.

In this paper we investigate the water vapour continuum absorption retrieved from experimental high-resolution Fourier-Transform-Spectroscopy spectra, obtained earlier from high-temperature and pressure pure water vapour measuremets. The retrieved spectra of the water vapour continuum, related to the least-studied today near-IR absorption bands at 8800 and 10600 cm^-1, are described on the basis of the water dimer hypothesis of the continuum. It is shown that water dimers should cause, at least, half of the water vapour continuum absorption in the studied spectral region. The temperature dependence of the effective dimerization constant is derived.

The water vapor line broadening and shift coefficients in the ν₁+ν₂+ν₃, 3ν₂+ν₃ and 2ν₁+ν₂ vibrational bands of H₂O induced by hydrogen pressure were measured using a Bruker IFS 125HR spectrometer. These vibrational bands were investigated for the first time. The values of the broadening and shift coefficients were compared with the experimental data obtained for H₂O–He and H₂O–Ar optical systems

For the first time the absorption spectrum of 2 0 0 12 – 0 0 0 01 band of carbon dioxide, confined in nanoporous silica aerogel with the density of 0.009 g/cm³,was measured using a Bruker IFS 125 HR FTIR at room temperature and a spectral resolution of 0.008 cm^-1. The obtained dependence of spectral line half-width values on rotational quantum numbers was studied and compared with data available in the literature.

The silica modified by boehmite (15% of Al₂O₃ by mass) was produced by sol-gel method without supercritical drying processes. Aerogel SiO₂/Al₂O₃ textural characteristics was studied by low-temperature nitrogen adsorption with annealing samples at the temperature range of 500−900°C. Concentration and the acidic centers force on the aerogels surface were determined by thermal desorption of ammonia. For the first time absorption spectra of ethylene confined in nanopores of SiO₂/Al₂O₃ aerogels was recorded using a Bruker IFS 125 HR FTIR spectrometer in the 5500 – 6300 cm^-1 region. The difference in profiles of adsorbed ethylene was shown.

The results of critical evaluation of measured rotation-vibration line positions of ¹⁴N¹⁶O in the X²π state are presented. The analysis was carried out using the fundamental Rydberg-Ritz combination principle, for the available experimental data in the spectral range 1700-7400 cm^-1 which represent unresolved Λ-doublets. As a result, the precise set of 1802 experimental energy levels of NO molecule in the interval 0-35665 сm^-1 were obtained. Comparisons with the HITRAN and with the calculated energy levels from C.Amiot (1982) are discussed.

In this paper we used VLIDORT procedures as a forward model in FIRE-ARMS code for modeling the spectra and Jacobian calculation in both thermal infrared (TIR) and short wavelength infrared spectral bands (SWIR). Simulated spectra are compared with spectra measured under clear sky conditions over Western Siberia by the Fourier spectrometer TANSO-FTS, on board of the GOSAT satellite. With the new software, operating simultaneously in both bands, Jacobians were calculated in order to retrieve vertical profiles of carbon dioxide and methane in TIR and SWIR. Data from NCEP/NCAR reanalysis were used as initial guess model atmosphere.

Sunflower plants were grown in the laboratory under continuous light on the ground, the sand and the liquid medium. Fluorescence parameters were measured using PAM fluorimeter (Walz, Germany) and optical spectrophotometric sensor CCM-200 plus, Opti-Sciences, USA). The change of parameters of Fo, Fm, Fv/Fm, ETR and CCI in leaves after addition of oil at a concentration of 6 g/kg is investigated. It is shown that the parameters CCI and ETR (electron transport rates) are most sensitive to oil pollution. The value of the CCI in sunflower leaves increased (compared to control) after the addition of oil in the soil and decreased after the addition of oil in sand and liquid culture medium.

Problems of application of the statistical simulation (Monte Carlo) method for solving fundamental and applied problems of atmospheric optics and acoustics at the V. E. Zuev Institute of Atmospheric Optics of the SB RAS are discussed in the present work. The most significant results obtained in the study of imaging of objects located on the Earth’s surface, in the atmosphere, and in space for ground-based and satellite observations aimed at the development of means for atmospheric correction of data of satellite passive sensing of the Earth’s surface, investigation of bistatic atmospheric optical communication channels, and estimation of the energy characteristics of acoustic radiation propagating through the turbulent atmosphere and sodar signals are presented.

The effect of excitation of local surface modes in semiconductor nanoparticles is studied experimentally and theoretically for various compounds: titanium dioxide, titanium nitride, tungsten disilicide, molybdenum disilicide. Enhancement of depolarizing properties for non-spherical titania nanoparticles (nanoplatelets and nanoribbons) associated with the excitation of local surface modes is considered. The possibility to retrieve the dielectric function spectrum from the depolarization factor measurements for low-dimensional nanoparticles is discussed.

The problem of estimating the influence of homogeneous cloudiness on the signal received during observation of the Earth’s surface from a satellite system is considered for the Lambert reflection from the Earth’s surface. In calculations the Monte Carlo method with backward scheme of simulation of trajectories is used. The gap radii at which the influence of cloudiness decreases down to 10 % of the received radiance are found. A dependence of the radiance on the gap radius is obtained and explained.

The problem of electromagnetic-wave propagation in anisotropic plasma cannot usually be described by exact analytical solutions even in simplest model cases. One of main approximate methods is a geometric optics which provides an illustrative description of radio wave propagation in terms of ray paths [1]. Applicability boundaries of the method (wavelength is smaller than the typical scales of the medium) generally work quite well in the problem of ionospheric propagation of radio waves. Isotropic approximation, i.e. neglect the effect of the Earth's magnetic field, is widely used to simplify the ray-optical description of ionospheric propagation of radio waves. In particular, the advantage of this approach is that for a set of ionospheric models it allows to obtain analytical solutions for the parameters of the ray path. It has been extensively discussed in the literature that the isotropic approximation works quite well for ionospheric sounding being representative of the ordinary mode.

In work results of calculation of the mean intensity and size of a deviation from rectilinear distribution of a beam which passes in the beginning of the path through a shock wave and propagates further in a homogeneous medium are presented. It is shown that the spatial inhomogeneity of the air refractive index in the region of a shock wave which is formed during a supersonic air flow around the turret can exert a focusing action of a beam intersecting the wave, and defragmentation of the beam and rapid degradation at further propagation.

In this paper the coherent properties of the vortex Bessel optical beams propagating in turbulent atmosphere are investigated. The approach to the analysis of this problem is based on the solution of the equation for the second-order transverse mutual coherence function of a field of optical radiation. The behavior of integral scale of coherence degree of vortex Bessel optical beams depending on parameters of a beam and characteristics of turbulent atmosphere is particularly considered. It is shown, that the integral scale of coherence degree of a vortex Bessel optical beam essentially depends on value of a topological charge of a vortex beam. With increase in a topological charge of a vortex Bessel optical beam the value of integral scale of coherence degree of a vortex Bessel optical beam decreases.

Algorithms of filtration for atmospherics and narrow-band noises in VLF spectrograms have been developed. An algorithm for whistler detection in a spectrogram has been suggested. It is based on a nonlinear transformation of «time-frequency» coordinates to rectify a whistler pattern followed by the recognition of this straight line.

The problem of determination of refractive indices for layered medium under known outgoing radiation is considered. It is assumed, that the Stokes parameters of radiation at the boundary of medium are known. To solve the problem, we propose a special indicator function. This function has singularity as its argument tends to unknown values of the refractive index. The results of numerical experiments are discussed.

Monte Carlo method for solving non-stationary radiative transfer equation in inhomogeneous media is proposed and tested for visualization tasks.

In 1966, 50 years ago, in the department «Kinetic equations» of the Department of Applied Mathematics of V. A. Steklov Mathematical Institute of the USSR Academy of Sciences (Keldysh Institute of Applied Mathematics of Russian Academy of Sciences) T. A. Sushkevich - representative of the Moscow scientific school created Professor E. S. Kuznetsov, developed and implemented a global multi-dimensional spherical 4d-model of solar radiation transfer in the Earth's atmosphere in a spherical coordinate system. Nobody in the world has surpassed these results. Proposed spherical 5d-model for modeling the Earth radiation field at a planet scale based on the Boltzmann kinetic equation and deterministic approach.

In the given paper results of theoretical researches of the integral momenta of the vortex Bessel-Gaussian optical beams propagating in turbulent atmosphere are resulted. In particular, features of behavior of a flux of optical radiation of vortex Bessel-Gaussian beams from beam parameters, namely, the transverse wave number of optical radiation, radius of the amplitude factor, and, especially, topological charge are analyzed in detail. It is shown, that mean value of the orbital angular momentum of a vortex Bessel-Gaussian beam remains to constants at propagation in atmosphere, and the variance of fluctuations of the orbital angular momentum of the vortex Bessel-Gaussian beam calculated with the “meanintensity” approximation is identically equal to zero. On the basis of these results it is possible to draw a conclusion that the value of a variance of fluctuations of the orbital angular momentum of a vortex Bessel-Gaussian beam propagating in turbulent atmosphere is always small.

In the report the method of evaluation of the crosswind velocity from the jitter statistics of binocular images of a remote topographic objects and the results of experiments on atmospheric paths are presented. The possibility of evaluation of the cross-wind based on the shift of the maximum of the mutual correlation function of the displacements of the energy centroids of areas of contrast images is demonstrated. The horizontal spacing of the objectives allows to evaluate the integral speed, and the diagonal spacing – the value of the velocity at a specific point of the optical path. Speed estimates derived from passive optical method agree with the results of independent means of measurement.

To provide accurate data the regular on-board absolute radiometric calibration of a satellite hyperspectral instrument is required. Together with the internal calibration the external calibration using comparison of radiance measurements above special ground test sites and calculated radiances is performed. The top of the atmosphere radiances are calculated using a radiative transfer model basing on atmospheric and surface characteristics measured at the test sites. Spatial pixel of hyperspectral instruments is tens of meters, therefore it is difficult to creation with large enough fields with artificial reflective surface. The paper presents preliminary results of the theoretical analysis of the errors of a satellite hyperspectral instrument radiometric calibration using grass and snow. Results for test sites located at 200 m.a.s.l. and 2000 m.a.s.l. with the atmospheric composition and surface reflectance measurements are compared. The analysis is performed for an instrument with the spectral resolution of 1-8 nm which is typical for special regime of payload GSA of Russian satellite Resurs-P. The errors related with the atmospheric composition and albedo measurement errors and scenarios of the aerosol vertical distribution were theoretically examined. The error is less than 6% in all the cases at all the wavelengths between 400 nm and 1000 nm with the exception of the absorption bands of water vapor. In the absorption bands of water vapor about 720 nm and 820 nm the errors reach 12% at the downcountry site. In the absorption band of 950 nm the errors reach 15% in mountains and 35% in downcountry. In our error analysis we used 4% error of surface albedo. We can expect that reassessment of the albedo error of natural surfaces will directly influence to the estimation of the total errors for the both grass end snow except the spectral range of 400-650 nm where grass has low albedo.

Based on the numerical solution of the parabolic wave equation for the complex spectral amplitude of the wave field the propagation of a short pulsed Laguerre–Gaussian beam with femtosecond duration was studied. It has been shown that the diffraction broadening of the Laguerre–Gaussian beam decreases with the pulse duration in comparison with continuous-wave radiation.

Based on the numerical solution of the parabolic wave equation for the complex spectral amplitude of the wave field by using the splitting into physical factors method the fluctuations of energy density of the broadband pulsed optical radiation for various modes of the Laguerre–Gaussian beam under different turbulent conditions on the propagation path were studied. It has been shown that with the increase of optical turbulence the relative variance of energy density fluctuations of pulsed radiation of femtosecond duration becomes much lower than that of continuous-wave (cw) radiation and, in contrast, may become smaller than unity. Provided the pulse duration is short the energy density fluctuations tend to decrease as the order of the Laguerre–Gaussian beam mode rises. The level of residual spatial correlation of the strong energy density fluctuations of pulsed radiation exceeds the level of cw intensity correlation in all examined Laguerre–Gaussian beam modes and the typical two-scale structure of spatial correlation for the strong fluctuations of cw radiation in the case of pulsed radiation is less expressed.

The paper presents the results of the study of the coherence properties of vortex Laguerre-Gaussian beams backscattered on a diffuse target on monostatic location paths in a turbulent atmosphere. In the weak intensity fluctuations approximation the modulus of complex degree of coherence was calculated for the backscattered vortex beam. It is shown that vortex beam coherence is less than for the Gaussian beam, except of the limit of the point reflector. The value of topological charge of a vortex laser beam remains in the mutual coherence function of a backward wave, but has a weak effect on the dependence of coherence length of the backward wave on the way of separating the observation points. The sign of the topological charge is also present in the expression for the modulus of the complex coherence of the backscattered radiation, but is not significant in its functional behaviour.

For the first time the results for photophoretic motion characteristics of fractal-like soot aggregates in the field of shortwave solar and long-wave thermal atmospheric radiation are presented. It is shown that for the model of fractal-like particles the photophoretic effects for soot aerosol in stationary atmosphere are most essential at stratospheric altitudes.

Authors study a problem of determining the bottom topography of a fluctuating ocean using the data of side-scan sonars. Based on a kinetic model of acoustic radiative transfer authors obtain a formula for determining a function describing small deviations of the bottom surface from a middle level. Numerical experiments have been done on modeling data that demonstrate the accuracy of the obtained formula.

In this paper we presented results long-term experimental study of atmosphere remote sensing by GPS-GLONASS signals and simultaneous near surface atmospheric parameters measurements in Kazan city. During the period of 2010 - 2012. the interannual and seasonal variability of the radiovawes zenith tropospheric delay structure functions was analyzed. The correlation coefficient of the of the time structure function decimeter radio waves zenith tropospheric delay power approximation with surface temperature reaches a value of 0.73 for the fluctuations with time scales up to 8 hours. According to the results it can be assume a strong influence of the synoptic processes and the underlying surface on the formation of mesoscale fluctuations in the satellite navigation systems phase path.

To be effective, adaptive correction of turbulent distortions should be considered final spatio-temporal resolution of adaptive optics system, ie. its ability to form and implement the corrected wavefront control with a predetermined speed and within a finite range of spatial scales. The spatial resolution of the system is determined by the adaptive design of its key elements. Temporal resolution depends on the one hand, on the operating frequency band of electronic, mechanical and optical components of the system, and on the other - by a control algorithm for deformable mirror. To improve the time resolution of the adaptive system can be achieved by optimizing the system control algorithm by constructing predict for optical distortion.

The intensity of turbulent distortions in an atmosphere characterized by a structural constant of the refractive index change which is subject to the law of “two – thirds” in model of turbulence Kolmogorov – Obukhov. It is presented the numerical model of atmospheric turbulence, for which the degree of change of the structural constant of the refractive index is different from the degree of "two – thirds", and also takes into account the anisotropy of the medium along the propagation direction of the optical radiation.

Calculation of the transverse components of the wind speed at the entrance aperture adaptive optical system is based on the correlation analysis of coordinates of energy centers of gravity of the focal spot, that it was measured by wave front sensor Shack–Hartmann. To ensure the accuracy of the algorithm implementing the calculation of wind speed, it must be resistant to noise caused by the construction of sensor and resulting from mathematical operations. It is presented the results of numerical studies. The analysis is performed on basis of a numerical model of the wave front sensor Shack- Hartmann and on turbulence model of Kolmogorov’s type.

The paper reports the results of operation of a lidar developed for measurement of the backscatter amplification in the turbulent atmosphere along with the image jitter sensor. The sensing was carried out round-the-clock under urban conditions along a horizontal 2-km path in winter at negative temperatures, when significant temperature gradients took place in the atmosphere. The lidar coefficient of backscatter amplification correlated with the variance of image jitter of a white matte disk of the image jitter sensor, whose path coincided with the lidar path. The correlation coefficient between the backscatter amplification coefficient at the path end and the standard deviation of the disk image jitter was 0.80-0.85. When the turbulence intensity along the sensing path became significantly inhomogeneous, marked differences appeared between readings of the lidar and the jitter sensor.

We present techniques and algorithms for processing and interpretation of backscatter ionosphere sounding ionograms received on chirp ionosonde. The processing of experimental ionograms is carried out on the basis of basic data filtration with the subsequent compression by method of the cellular automaton. The interpretation technique for ionograms is based on use of modeling results for frequency dependences on the minimum group way in the mode of the long-term forecast and results of experimental data processing. We also present the results of operative diagnostics of HF radio channel on the base of current backscatter sounding data.

An aerosol lidar designed specifically for measurement of the backscatter amplification (BSA) was used in a field experiment, and the procedure for information processing was proposed, which allows the obtained data to be presented in the form convenient for analysis. The BSA-lidar records the value of the relative amplification coefficient, which is proportional to the intensity of atmospheric turbulence. The spatial profile of the backscatter amplification coefficient is the monotonically increasing function, the first derivative of which allows one to localize zones with intense turbulence. Construction of range-time images (RTI) of the derivative of the amplification factor gives a comprehensive picture of the location of such zones and their temporal dynamics. The experiment was conducted in the winter season under urban conditions. An image jitter sensor operated at the same path simultaneously with the lidar for the independent control. It has been found that the night behavior of the amplification factor differed from the daytime one by its volatility, and night values of this factor could exceed twofold the daytime level, increasing up to 3. Maximal gradients of the amplification factor equal to 4 km^-1 have been obtained.

Statistical properties of the phase and group paths of signals reflected from the plane layered medium with anisotropic random inhomogeneities of dielectric permittivity are considered. Analytical expressions for the dispersions and spatial autocorrelation functions of these signal characteristics are obtained for the two models of regular ionospheric layers: linear and parabolic. The results are numerically analyzed for different conditions of ionospheric sounding.

This work is devoted the research of coherent properties of the diffraction-free beams propagating in turbulent atmosphere. On the basis of the solution of the equation for the second-order mutual coherent function of a field the consideration of behavior of mean intensity and degree coherence of a cosine beam is developed. The mean intensity of a beam during propagation in turbulence decreases twice. The degree coherence of a beam at low levels of fluctuations has oscillatory character, and the number of fluctuations is defined by a value of a beam parameter. At high levels of fluctuations the degree coherence of a beam becomes closer to the similar characteristic of a plane wave.

The paper sums up the principles of construction of all-fiber Doppler coherent wind lidars, which can be divided into two classes by the method of signal conversion: homodyne and heterodyne. Lidars of the first class, usually, with continuous-wave probing radiation employ the direct conversion of the signal, when the carrier frequency coincides with the master oscillator frequency. Systems of the second class are pulsed Doppler lidars with the carrier frequency shifted about the master oscillator frequency, which allows simultaneous measurements of the direction and speed of the radial wind. Now our laboratory has started the works to make a prototype model of the pulsed all-fiber coherent Doppler lidar.

During the solar eclipse of May 20 - 21, 2012 in Yakutsk VLF radio signal phase variations are recorded. The variations are 0.77 and 0.54 radians for JJY40 and NPM radio stations respectively. By the radio signals phase variations a normalization factor is determined. The normalization coefficients are 3,27 ± 0,08 and 2,27 ± 0,05 km for paths JJY40 - Yakutsk and NPM - Yakutsk respectively. The effective height of the Earth-ionosphere waveguide changing for the maximum shading the path JJY40 - Yakutsk (22:47 UT) is 4.63 km. For the path NPM - Yakutsk the effective height changes in maximum shading (23:52 UT) are 4.25 km.

The results of optical measurements of the quality of astronomical seeing on the Large solar vacuum telescope (LSVT) in spring and summer are shown. It is noticed that in the summer measurements, the quality of vision is higher on average 2.5 times than in the spring. Information on the seasonal variability of the astronomical quality of vision can be useful in the planning of scientific experiments for the LSVT, as well as to improve the performance of existing adaptive system

The experimental results of speckle-correlometric analysis of such temperature-governed processes as the sol-gel transition and the foam aging are presented. Analysis of the temperature dependencies of speckle correlation time for solgel systems with embedded scatterers allows the estimation of gelation activation energy. The effect of increase in the speckle correlation time at later stages of the foam structure evolution is presumably caused by the increasing role of local avalanche-like processes in the structure formation.

This paper describes the results of Monte Carlo simulation of photon distributions for laser pulses scattered in a space with homogeneous optical media. Simulation results show that a "cloud" of scattered photons may take various shapes depending on the laser pulse spreading conditions.

This paper presents the results of Monte Carlo simulation of the radiation regime in clouds and describes the effects caused by solar radiation reflected by the underlying surface. Simulation results show that under certain conditions the actinic flux and irradiance can achieve maximal values at specific heights inside clouds.

This paper presents a daily-season variation of the coefficient ellipticity and position angle of the ellipse polarization of the first three events of the Schumann resonances. A comparative analysis of the polarization characteristics was spending for the period 2013-2015 years.

The features of air index refraction vertical variations up to 20 km at the Large solar vacuum telescope site are discussed. The possible local model of air index refraction fluctuations are supposed at the Large solar vacuum telescope site.

The features of focusing of a Gaussian optical beam with any curvature of parabolic wave front a conic lens (an axicon) in a randomly inhomogeneous medium are studied. The analysis of a problem is based on the solution of the equation for the second-order mutual coherence function of a field of an optical beam. The distribution of mean intensity of an optical beam in longitudinal and transverse to direction of propagation of an optical radiation are calculated. The influence of a randomly inhomogeneous medium on a change of a radius of a central part of an optical beam in the range of a focal region for axicon is estimated. The stability criterion of a spatial structure generated thus a pseudo-Bessel beam to influence of random inhomogeneities of a medium is derived. The behavior of a coherence radius of the focused optical beam depending on characteristics of a randomly inhomogeneous medium is examined.

In this paper the results of simulation are presented of multichannel radiation propagation in the atmosphere, and correction for turbulent distortion on the base of the beam phase control is considered. The results demonstrate dependence of correction effectiveness on number of channels and on precision of a reference beam phase reconstruction. Additionally increase of effectiveness is possible with adjustment of amplification in the channels of the optical system, i.e., with the use of amplitude-phase control of radiation.

The problem of selection of sites for modern telescopes which are characterized by favorable conditions for astronomical observations is discussed. A number of new sites to telescope construct with separate mountain peaks (above 2 km) as well as high image quality (astronomical seeing) and low level of cloud are pointed.

Considered algorithm for the calculation of speed and direction of displacement the large cloud formations on the basis of remote sensing which data stored in open access, obtained from satellites.

This report presents the results of measurements of fluctuations of the harmonic signal in Gaussian random noise. Shown the suitability of the criterion of the first output values approximating the distribution of the area of comparison for the approximation of experimental distributions measured for both dependent and independent samples of values of the harmonic signal in Gaussian random noise.

An algorithm for reconstructing the Earth’s surface reflection coefficients from the data of MODIS satellite measurements is considered. For six channels of the MODIS device in the visible and near-IR ranges, the influence of a 10% error in the assignment of the aerosol and molecular extinction on the accuracy of reconstructing of the Earth’s surface reflection coefficients is estimated. A comparison of this error with the error of reconstructing the reflection coefficient for a surface area in the Tomsk Region by the suggested algorithm and the algorithm MOD09 is performed. Results of comparison show that the error in assignment of the input optical parameters can be the main source of the error of the correction algorithms for wavelengths 0.4–0.85 μm. For the channel centered at 1.25 μm the error of the algorithms is much greater than the error caused by a 10 % error of assignment of the optical parameters.

It is about the development and applications of the theory of radiation transfer in natural environments for theoretical and computational studies of radiation fields in the Arctic region for the benefit of the approach of hyperspectral remote sensing (ERS) of the atmosphere and Earth's surface in the range from UV to the millimeter range of wavelengths. Developed kinetic approach to the modeling of radiation transfer in a heterogeneous environment on the basis of a general boundary value problem for the linearized Boltzmann equation taking into account the multiple scattering and absorption. The transfer operator of the radiation transfer heterogeneous system built by the method of the influence functions. The underlying theory of the transfer operator, built T.A Sushkevich as a fundamental theoretical generalization of various private empirical approaches.

A brief review of the development of experimental methods of the monitoring of the environment using femtosecond lidar systems of Institute of atmospheric optics (IAO SB RAS, Tomsk, Russia) has been presented. Spectrums if lidar returns for the distance 110 m which has been detected via femtosecond laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy method (FS-LIBS) has been discussed. It has been shown that as spectral distribution of the energy of the supercontinuum emission, as results of the interference of the emission of “near” filaments are detected in the case of multiple filamentation of lidar signals.

Further development of the method of restoration of a profile of atmospheric turbulence in two crossed laser beams creating a laser guide stars which is earlier offered by authors is executed. Data of numerical experiment on restoration of a real turbulence profile are provided.

Structure of air turbulent motion inside Primary Mirror shaft at Siberian Lidar station of V.E. Zuev Institute of Atmospheric Optics SB RAS has been studied. Experiment results performed using ultrasonic weather station are presented. Theoretical results obtained by numerical solving of boundary value problem for hydrodynamics equations (Navier–Stokes). Solitary large vortices (coherent structures, topological solitons) are observed inside the studied room. The coherent decay of such vortices generates a coherent turbulence.

Time distribution of the monostatic sodar signal intensity has been obtained in the report with allowance for the contribution of multiply scattered radiation. Dependences of the sodar signal intensity on its parameters and atmospheric meteorological conditions are analyzed.

The problem of polarization account in statistical simulation of the process of satellite imaging of the Earth’s surface in the visible and near-IR range of wavelengths is considered. The complex of algorithms is developed on the basis of the Monte Carlo method that allows reflection coefficient of the Earth’s surface to be reconstructed in the homogeneous surface approximation with and without allowance for radiation polarization. Test examples are presented that prove the correctness of the algorithmic implementation. It is demonstrated that account of polarization can be an integral part of the atmospheric correction algorithm, in particular, for weakly reflecting surfaces.

The paper is devoted to development of IT integration tools for problems of thematic processing of Earth remote sensing data. The used approach is exemplified with the prototype integration system including algorithms of thematic processing of remote sensing data for the problem of atmospheric correction. Algorithms for calculation of atmospheric corrections based on the physical model of optical imaging of the Earth’s surface and the algorithm of atmospheric correction in the visible spectral range with regard for major factors influencing the radiation transfer are described. The proposed integration model provides the use of heterogeneous distributed data for calculation and expendability of the system due to integration of new types of data and algorithms.

In the present work, the method of evaluation of component composition of natural gas is based on the decomposition of Raman spectrum into spectra of the individual components is described. To implementing of this method the spectral ranges 250-2500 cm^-1 and 3600-3700 cm^-1 were selected. The Raman spectra of the main components of natural gas are presented. Results of Raman gas analyzer approbation on a real natural gas sample are presented. A comparison of the experimental results obtained with the results of chromatographic analysis demonstrates their good agreement. It is experimentally established that the given Raman gas analyzer can reliably determine the content of all molecular natural gas components whose content exceeds 0.005% for 100 s.

The report is devoted to the foundation of the method of calculation of the service zone of the MF radio beacon for transmission of differential corrections of the global navigation satellite system (GNSS) over high-latitude manysectional impedance paths in summer and winter time. Methods of calculation of the Earth’s wave field over inhomogeneous radio paths including over layered “ice-sea” structure are considered. On a base of the analysis of propagation conditions of radio waves, a new method of calculation of the service zone of the radio lines in the Arctic basin was submitted. Numerical algorithms for various models of the propagation of radio waves were developed and tested. The method consists in using the proposed set of algorithms, maps of geoelectric sections (GES) of underlying layered medium, digital relief maps, vegetation and ice cover for the calculations of Earth’s wave fields.

The technique of map development of noise of the city on spectral characteristics of acoustic noise is offered. Cards of acoustic noise in the sound range of frequencies for the winter and summer season, and also the card of spatial distribution of a decay rate according to measurements in Tomsk are constructed. Empirical dependence of level of acoustic noise on transport loading for the winter and summer period is received.

The paper presents the results of the measurements of the values of resonatorless laser generation power threshold densities in thin layers of 6G rhodamine colloidal solutions with single plasmon-resonance gold and silver nanoparticles and non-plazmon resonance nanoparticles of platinum and zinc oxide. It is shown that when gold, platinum and silver nanoparticles are used, the thresholds values are approximately equal at the same concentrations.

The paper presents the results of researching surface plasmon polaritons dispersion on the "composite medium and metal substrate" border within a visible wavelength range. The composite dielectric function varies in space according to the periodic law. The solution to this problem has been presented as an inhomogeneous wave for which the field amplitude distribution has been written in an analytical form and dispersion relations have been obtained.

The results of the experimental and theoretical analysis of spatial statistical characteristics of laser beams with wavefront control are presented. The experimental data obtained in different meteorological conditions is used to estimate features of spatial localization of averaged over the ensemble recorded intensity distributions and profiles of second, third and fourth spatial moments. Registered dependence between transverse or longitudinal components of scintillation index and meteorological conditions or setting of beam forming optical system is discussed. In addition, we proposed interpretation of spatial properties of high-order central moments.

The paper gives the results of computer simulating reflectivity of a flat structure made of composite material on the basis of Ag, Ni, Al, Cu nanoparticles and a substrate of the same metals within the visible wavelength range. The possibility of broadband optical antireflection of a metal surface using nanoparticles of the same metals by forming in the near surface layer of the metal being made anti-reflecting a composite layer is researched. Within the visible wavelength range the dispersion characteristics of the reflectivity of the composite metal-dielectric layer on a metal substrate have been calculated for different values of the filling factor and the thickness of the composite layer both for the metals having plasmon resonances (Ag, Cu) within the visible range and for the metals plasmon resonances of which do not fall in the visible wavelength range (Al, Ni).

The problem of optical constant of seawater to in situ measured light fields in the clear natural waters is under discussion. A precise radiative transfer prediction for the water reflectance demonstrates significant discrepancy in comparison to the field data. It was shown that to meet agreement between the empirical and theoretical reflectance values it would be necessary to increase the backscattering. On the contrary, the interpretation of diffuse attenuation coefficients for downward irradiance tends to underestimate the light absorption in the water. A conception of own water heterogeneity is proposed. This enables to explain the most of inconsistencies.

In the report the algorithm of determining of the radial dependence of the refractive index spectrum in an axially symmetric jet from the intensity fluctuations of translucent laser beam is presented. The relationship between the spatial spectrum of inhomogeneities of air density and temporal power spectrum of the diaphragmed laser radiation and the distribution of mean flow velocity over the cross section of the jet are used for refraction index spectra recovery. The relations allowing to determine the shape of the spectrum of the inhomogeneities from temporal spectra of the intensity fluctuations of laser radiation passed through the jet at different distances from its axis are obtained. Results of numerical experiments demonstrate the performance of the proposed algorithm.

The kinetic model, describing sound propagation in a randomly inhomogeneous medium with diffuse reflection by Lambert's cosine law on the bottom surface, is considered. Based on it the inverse problem of bottom scattering reconstruction is formulated. An explicit solution is deduced by using a narrow receiving directivity pattern and a pointwise isotropic source. Numerical experiments for the analysis of the impact of the finite pulse and the finite receiving directivity pattern on the received signal are done.

Nowadays the sources of long-wavelength optical radiation (far infrared, terahertz range) are developed intensively. They have good perspectives in different fields of biology, medicine, security systems etc. This implies the need to have the detectors of radiation with advanced parameters ^1,2. Golay cell ³ is one of the most sensitive detector types available at the time being despite, the strong development of semiconductor detectors ^{4 – 6}. In Golay cell the energy is measured by the expansion of the gas in the sealed chamber: the gas absorbs the energy and presses the flexible membrane, thus the change of volume is registered. The disadvantages of these detectors are relatively high price, big size and vibration susceptibility. In our paper we consider the method of radiation detecting that is similar to one that is used in Golay cell but based on gas temperature measurement.

Experimentally determined the influence of energy and pulse repetition rate of the femtosecond Ti: sapphire laser on the intensity of the spectral lines in the optical breakdown on the surface of an aqueous solution of CaCl₂ and aqueous solutions of iron. The time dependence of the intensity of the continuous and line spectra of the plasma was obtained from the laser pulse energy. It is shown that by increasing the laser pulse repetition frequency from 20 Hz to 1000 Hz is observed up to 45% reduction of the emission line intensity Ca II (393.3 nm).

The dependences of the orbital angular momentum of a Laguerre–Gaussian beam propagating through a turbulent atmosphere on its azimuthal index and atmospheric turbulence strength are analyzed in the numerical simulation. The effect of errors in alignment of the beam and receiver axes on the average value and variance of orbital angular momentum fluctuations is studied. The statistics of the orbital angular momentum distribution at the end of the atmospheric propagation path is analyzed.

The article is a brief description of the software developed for operation ionosonde "TOMION" in an accelerated mode active vertical radiosounding of the ionosphere.

Computer modeling of annular and vortex Laguerre-Gaussian beams LG_0L propagation in random inhomogeneous media using the dynamic time-varying algorithm of media evolution is presented. The temporal power spectrum of vortex beam LG_0L has been investigated by numerical simulation of propagation through atmospheric turbulence. The split-step Fourier method was used for solving scalar wave equation for a randomly inhomogeneous medium with a power-law Kolmogorov spectrum.

The article discusses basics of electromagnetic fields monitoring in the frequency range from 1 kHz to 30 MHz. Registration methods of experimental data processing obtained by ionosonde "TOMION" are provided. When using the global network of digital ionosondes "TOMION" will be able to monitor ionosphere condition in the passive mode of oblique radiosounding, as well as to perform the short-term (immediate) forecast of stable radio communication and electromagnetic pollution control on a global scale.

The paper presents the results of evaluation of the impact of geomagnetic storms on the Earth's ionosphere. As a data (investigated ranks) used the critical frequency of the F2 layer of the ionosphere and characteristic of geomagnetic activity - K_p index. The purpose of research is a quantitative assessment of the influence of magnetic storms on the Earth's ionosphere.

The results of experiments to study the spatial characteristics of the field of multiple filamentation (FMF) gigawatt pulse Ti:Sapphire laser in the glass. The dependences of the coordinates of the beginning and end of the FMF, the diameter of the laser pulse energy were received. It was found that when a certain average intensity values in the beam FMF has formed around the illuminated faces of the glass sample. It is shown that when the threshold intensity of the beam is formed by a secondary area of multiple filamentation, the spatial characteristics of which depend on the time of exposure to repetitively pulsed laser radiation. The dependence of the diameter of the secondary FMF and coordinates its start from the effects of time. The time dependence of the impact of the spatial characteristics of the primary field of multiple filamentation experiments absent.

The results of experimental studies of spatial characteristics postfilamentation light channels formed in the propagation of a focused single pulse Ti:Sapphire femtosecond laser in the air. The dynamics postfilamentation light channels along the distance of the laser beam after focusing. Determine the angular divergence of the channels upon filamentation focused and collimated beams. The effect of the initial pulse energy on the size of the light channel and a laser beam as a whole away from the focus of the system.

The results of experimental studies of postfilamentation channels controlled by the track length of 150 meters for collimated beams of different diameters. It is shown that the divergence of the laser beam after the filamentation area is much greater than the divergence postfilamentation channels. It is shown that at distances from the end of the field filamentation, significantly exceeding the length of the field filamentation, postfilamentation channels contain sufficient intensity to generate multiple filamentation in the optical elements and enables us to provide a functional effect on the optical elements of the matrix.

Investigation of nonlinear optical properties of solutions of carbon quantum dots synthesized by hydrothermal synthesis of chitin before and after coating with titanium dioxide. It is shown that the titanium dioxide has an activating effect, allows varying the carbon quantum dots non-linear characteristics.

In this study, we predict qualitatively the random wander of the Airy vortex beam propagating in a statistically homogeneous turbulent atmosphere based on the earlier revealed regularity [5] that the variances of random wander of vortex laser beams propagating in the turbulent atmosphere and having identical orbital angular momenta and identical transverse size in the source plane are different, if the effective volumes occupied by the beams in the homogeneous medium are different. The larger is the volume occupied by the beam in space, the smaller is the variance of the beam wander.

Statistical characteristics of vortex beams propagating in the atmosphere are analyzed on the basis of numerical simulation. The probability density function of the intensity fluctuations are compared for common vortex beams and vortex beams synthesized by combining a fiber laser array. It is shown that the intensity fluctuations are lognormally distributed on the axis of a Gaussian beam when radiation is propagating through a turbulent atmosphere under weak fluctuations (the Rytov parameter is much lower than unity), while the probability density function of the intensity fluctuations at the axes of vortex beams is well approximated to the exponential distribution typical for strong fluctuations (the Rytov parameter is much higher than unity). This function is well approximated to a gamma distribution in the cases where the scintillation index is lower than unity independently of the beam type and observation point position relative to the propagation axis.

Possibilities of the wind speed profiling along an observation path of a distant object from the analysis of a video sequence of images of the object are studied in this work by numerical simulation. The method is based on the analysis of two neighbor frames of a video sequence of incoherent images. It is more rapid than analogous methods, due to the absence of need in accumulation of the statistics of parameters analyzed. It is shown that the drift speed of several (no less than 3) turbulent layers, located at different distances between the object observed and the receiving optical system, can be determined for some turbulent conditions and object parameters. The method accuracy is estimated for wide ranges of atmospheric conditions and parameters of the object observed.

Possibilities of determining optimal conditions for laser beam focusing in a turbulent atmosphere on the basis of the analysis of target image distortions are analyzed. A series of metrics is considered, which characterize the efficiency of laser beam focusing and the target image quality. A correlation is found between metric fluctuations in the target and observation planes in a dynamically varying turbulent atmosphere in the case of aligned optical axes of the beam focusing and observing systems. As applied to wireless communications, it is shown from the analysis of object images (radiation detector) that the adaptive control of tilts of optical axis of only the transmitting laser system significantly increases the efficiency of data communications.

We consider the problem of optical radiation transfer in the ocean-atmosphere system in the beam optics approximation for the complete and simplified “facet” models of the random agitated ocean surface. Various aspects of Monte-Carlo numerical solutions for certain direct problems of passive and active aerospace optical sensing of the ocean are discussed. The considered models and algorithms may be useful in radiation field analysis in the oceanatmosphere system by other numerical and analytical methods concerning the transfer equation.

The Raman lidar has been developed and installed in the Beijing from November to December in 2014 for the observation of the spatial and vertical characteristics of aerosol and water vapor in the planetary boundary layer. During the experiments, the Raman lidar operates in the automatic and continuous mode with the spatial resolution of 7.5 m and the temporal resolution of 15 min. The observation results show that the aerosol extinction always increases along with the greater content of water vapor and the lower height of planetary boundary layer. It implies that the decrease of air quality in Beijing is associated with the water vapor in the air and the height of planetary boundary layer beside the enrichment of local and transported aerosols.

Cirrus clouds cover about 30% of the Earth surface and they essentially impact on the radiative budget of the Earth and, consequently, on the climate. This study investigated the properties of cirrus cloud by used observations obtained from the three-wavelength lidar system over Tomsk and Hefei. The backscatter ratios (polarization ratio, color ratio and lidar ratio) for cirrus cloud are compared with each other from these two regions. Some differences are found that are caused by aerosol conditions. These differences have been mitigated by use of the appropriate microphysical model.

A three-wavelength Raman Mie Polarization Lidar has been developed for cloud and aerosol optical properties measurement. The Nd-YAG laser is employed as emitting source and six channels are used for detecting back-scattering signals from atmosphere aerosol and cloud including 1064 and 355 nm Mie, 607 and 386 nm N2 Raman, two 532 nm Orthogonal Polarization channels. The measured data are used for investigating the cirrus properties including cloud optical depth, polarization ratio, color ratio and lidar ratio. And these results are matched with the microphysical model suggested.

The specifics of snow precipitations characteristics measurements are considered. The paper presents the description of the method based on obtaining and analyzing precipitation particle shadow images for measurements of snow precipitations. There are results of snowfall characteristics measurements that have been registered 9 November 2015.

The analysis of the calculation results of extinction coefficient, scattering coefficient, and absorption coefficient of aerosol, as well as transmission function under the joint and separate impact of components of mixture containing trioxide dialuminum was carried out. The spectral features of the optical characteristics of the medium at various parameters of particle size distribution function were illustrated.

Results of the seawater reflectance coefficient measurements carried out in 2002 – 2014 on the oceanographic platform of Marine Hydrophysical Institute using spectrophotometer designed by authors are discussed. Reflectance is measured in range 390 – 700 nm with 2.5 nm step. The light reflected by sea surface is taken into account by special measurement technique. The processing algorithm allows to calculate the following seawater biooptical characteristics: concentration of phytoplankton pigments, absorption by nonliving organic matter and backscattering by suspended matter, and also to detect presence of auxiliary photosynthetic pigments based on the reconstructed spectrum of phytoplankton absorption. The proposed method makes it possible to carry out operational sub-satellite monitoring of marine environment and to validate the algorithms of remote sensing data processing.

The technique and results of calculation of spectral dependence of the single scattering albedo (SSA) of submicron aerosol in the visible spectral region with allowance for the lognormal size distribution of absorbing matter (black carbon) are presented. The ranges of albedo variations are estimated, and peculiarities of spectral behavior and variability of SSA are studied as functions of the median radius and the halfwidth of BC size distribution for dry and wet particles in the summer period. The generalized parameter of the coarseness of BC size distribution is proposed, which takes into account simultaneously the influence of the median radius and the halfwidth. It allows good approximation of the SSA dynamics as a function of the BC size distribution parameters for dry particles by a linear dependence.

An automated two-channel 4-wave aethalometer providing monitoring measurements of the mass concentration of black carbon with the preset time periodicity and duration of air sampling has been developed. Air with aerosol containing black carbon is sampled to FH-111 diffuse filter tape. The MDA-03 aethalometer has been intercalibrated with the 5012 MAAP photometer (Thermoscientific Co., USA) in simultaneous measurements of the Black Carbon concentration in the surface air layer at the Aerosol Station of IAO SB RAS. A technique has been developed for correction of measured values of the BC concentration for the variable transparency of the diffuse filter. This technique allows us to take into account the effect of spot loading and to reconstruct true values of the concentration. The technique has been tested successfully in smokes from high-temperature open flame burning of pine wood biomass (high bulk of BC absorbing particles) and low-temperature smoldering of the same material (high bulk of Brown Carbon scattering particles) in the Large Aerosol Chamber of IAO SB RAS.

In this study, a regional algorithm for retrieving Inherent Optical Properties (IOPs) has been developed for the Black Sea using remote sensing reflectance at five wavelengths in the visible spectral range corresponding to the Sea-viewing Wide Field of View Sensor (SeaWiFS). The model retrieves a spectral signature of particle backscattering coefficient at 555 nm, b_bp(λ), and its spectral slope, n_p, total absorption coefficient of colored detrital matter (sum of colored dissolved matter and non-algal particles, CDM) at 490 nm, a_CDM(λ), spectral slope of CDM absorption coefficient, S, and chlorophyll a concentration, C_a. These satellite derived set of IOPs and bio-optical properties measured in situ in the western open Black Sea within period 1998-1999 have been analyzed. The result reveals four specific cases corresponding to 1) variation of spectral slope of CDM absorption coefficient, 2) coccolithophores blooms, 3) domination of micro-celled phytoplankton (diatoms and/or dinoflagellates) and 4) presences of the picoplankton in phytoplankton community. Examples of the spatial distribution and seasonal variability of the retrieved parameters in half-monthly composite maps are presented. A complete set of these maps for SeaWiFS lifetime is available on http://blackseacolor.com/.

This paper proposes a method of remote determination of the suspended matter concentration in seawater on the effective wavelength of upwelling radiation. The system of orthogonal functions is found, allowing to retrieve reflectance of the sea using two measurements in the green part of the visible spectrum. Empirical relations linking the effective wavelength with the concentration of suspended matter for the Black Sea waters are presented and analyzed.

In the problem of light scattering by ice crystals of cirrus clouds, two exact methods (FDTD – finite difference time domain and DGTD – discontinuous Galerkin time domain) and the physical-optics approximation are used for numerical calculations of the Mueller matrix in the case of ice hexagonal plates and columns. It is shown that for the crystals larger than 10 μm at the wavelength of 0.532 μm the exact methods and physical-optics approximation closely agreed within three diffraction fringes about the centers of the diffraction patterns. As a result, in the case of random orientation of these crystals, the physical-optics approximation provides accuracy 95% for the averaged Mueller matrix.

Since 2011, the Institute of Atmospheric Optics (IAO SB RAS, Tomsk) and the Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute of the Russian Federal Service for Hydrometeorology and Environmental Monitoring (AARI, St. Petersburg) conduct field studies of near-ground aerosol characteristics at the Spitsbergen archipelago (Barentsburg) in the spring and summer seasons. The following parameters are measured in the atmospheric surface layer: aerosol particle number density and volume particle size distribution; mass concentrations of aerosol and absorbing matter (black carbon); coefficients of total aerosol scattering and aerosol backscattering in the visible spectral region. The experimental findings obtained in 2011– 2015 are reported. Peculiarities of the seasonal and year-to-year variability of the aerosol characteristics are revealed. The results of investigation of the chemical composition of the near-ground aerosol in Barentsburg are discussed.

The seasonal variability of hydrooptical and fluorescent characteristics from the coastal waters of the Yenisei river have been studied. The work was estimated chlorophyll content, photosynthetic activity, concentration dissolved organic matter (DOM) and mineral component. The data have been obtained from series of regular observations in the coastal waters of Krasnoyarsk during 2012 – 2014. During year the chlorophyll “a” concentration and mineralization varied 2 times for warm and cold seasons. Regression analysis revealed relationship between coefficient synthetic activity and concentration of chlorophyll “a”.

A new method is proposed for retrieval of vertical profiles of the wind speed and direction angle from data measured by the Stream Line pulsed coherent Doppler lidar with conical scanning by the probing beam. Components of the wind velocity vector are estimated by the method of filtered sine-wave fitting with allowance that the noise component of the signal measured by the lidar differs from the white noise. The analysis of results of numerical simulation has shown that this approach allows the maximal height of retrieval of wind profiles to be increased one and half times.

In the summer of 2015 for two weeks on the coast of Lake Baikal near Listvyanka we carried out experiments using a coherent Doppler lidar “Stream Line”. Place of the lidar measurements and atmospheric conditions contributed to a relatively frequent occurrence of internal gravity waves (in the form of quasi-harmonic oscillations of the wind vector components) in the atmospheric boundary layer. As a result of our analysis of this experimental data we have detected 6 cases of propagation of the gravity wave with the oscillation period of 6.5 min and 18 min (once) and 9 min (four cases). As a rule, the duration of gravity wave observation was around 45 min, but in one case the duration was approximately 4 hours.

The mass concentrations of the dry basis of aerosol and Black Carbon (November 2013 – December 2015) and the volume particle size distributions (2015) measured in the monitoring mode under background conditions (Fonovaya (Background) Observatory, 60 km west of Tomsk) and under urban conditions (Akademgorodok District of Tomsk) have been used to determine the average seasonal contribution of the city to the aerosol characteristics. It has been found that the annual profile of the seasonal average city contribution to the aerosol and Black Carbon (BC) contents, as well as the volume fill factor of the submicron aerosol, has a maximum in winter and a minimum in summer. In the coarse size range, the maximal excess of the volume fill factor was observed in the spring period. The observed differences between the city and the background conditions for the relative content of Black Carbon in aerosol and the absorption coefficient of the particulate matter were largest in summer and smallest in winter. Under the background conditions, the annual behavior had an untypical feature, namely, the seasonal average aerosol concentrations in summer exceeded the values obtained for the spring and autumn seasons. Analytical parameterization of the annual profile of monthly average difference of the urban and background mass concentrations of aerosol and Black Carbon in the form of parabolic dependence has been proposed.

Using the data of continuous measurements by the Stream Line pulsed coherent Doppler lidar for six days at the Basic Experimental Complex of the Institute of Atmospheric Optics SB RAS, we have performed the spatiotemporal visualization of wind turbulence in the atmospheric boundary layer. As a result, 4320 vertical profiles for each turbulence parameter, namely, the standard deviation of the wind velocity, the dissipation rate of the kinetic energy of turbulence, and the outer scale of turbulence, have been obtained every 2 min with a vertical step of 26 m.

Formaldehyde (HCHO) in the atmosphere is directly emitted by anthropogenic and biogenic sources and, more significantly, produced during oxidation of methane and other volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and so its content is one of observable indicators of air pollution by VOCs. HCHO has a sufficiently large absorption cross-section in the UV spectral region to be detected by the technique of the differential optical absorption spectroscopy (DOAS). Spectral measurements of scattered solar radiation are performed at Zvenigorod Scientific Station (ZSS, 55°41'49'"N, 36°46'29'"E) located in 38 km west from Moscow Ring Road by MAXDOAS instrument since 2008. This location of the observational station allows evaluating the background levels of formaldehyde in the troposphere and the levels that are associated with pollution from Moscow. For analysis of the HCHO variability we selected spectra taken in cloud free conditions from October 2009 to April 2016. Version 1.3 of the retrieval algorithm is used. It uses information on the surface albedo and the height of the atmospheric boundary layer inferred from a model. It has optimized interpolation parameter of DOAS processing. Cloud screening algorithm using UV color index (the ratio of 370-nm radiance to 340-nm one) was implemented. The obtained data quantify the Moscow megapolis influence on air quality at Zvenigorod by comparison of HCHO VCD for east and west wind directions. HCHO VCD at East winds in average more than one at West winds for 0.4 ± 0.1×10¹⁶mol×cm^-2 at air temperatures from +5 to +35°C, and for 0.8 ± 0.2×10¹⁶ mol×cm^-2 at temperatures from -20 to +5°C. It may be caused by Moscow emissions of HCHO precursors. Strong dependence of HCHO VCD on air temperature is noticeable in our data for air temperatures from +5 to +35°C. In different wind conditions the gradient of the temperature effect is about 0.86 ± 0.07 ×10¹⁵ mol×cm^-2×°C^-1 in average. The increase of the formaldehyde content with the increase of the air temperature can be caused by the HCHO formation from non-methane biogenic volatile organic compounds for which more emission is expected at higher temperatures.

For the reconstruction of the cloud base height a method was developed based on taking pictures of the sky by a pair of digital photo cameras from the ground and subsequent processing of the obtained sequence of stereo frames. Since the directions of the optical axes of the stereo cameras are not exactly known, a procedure of adjusting of obtained frames was developed which use photographs of the night starry sky. In the second step, the method of the morphological analysis of images is used to determine the relative shift of the coordinates of some fragment of cloud. The shift is used to estimate the searched cloud base height. The proposed method can be used for automatic processing of stereo data and getting the cloud base height. The earlier paper described a mathematical model of stereophotography measurement, poses and solves the problem of adjusting of optical axes of the cameras in paraxial (first-order geometric optics) approximation and was applied for the central part of the sky frames. This paper describes the model of experiment which takes into account lens distortion in Seidel approximation (depending on the third order of the distance from optical axis). Based on this model a procedure of simultaneous camera position adjusting and estimation of parameters of lens distortion in Seidel approximation was developed. The first experimental results of its application are shown.

A method of Differential Optical Absorbtion Spectroscopy (DOAS) is widely used for monitoring of the atmospheric composition. A layout of an instrument for measuring atmospheric trace gases by DOAS method using scattered solar radiation was developed in A.M.Obukhov IAP RAS. The instrument layout is based on the lab Shamrock 303i spectrograph supplemented by 2-port radiation input system employing optical fiber. We assume that one optical port will be used for the zenith DOAS observation in the twilight and the daytime. It is a fast optical port which is required for the twilight low-light observations to investigate the NO2 vertical distribution in the stratosphere. Another telescopic optical port will be used as off-axis one directly or with a scanning MAX-DOAS unit. It will be used for investigation of gas contents and profiles in the low troposphere. In implementing the research objective, following tasks have been performed: radiation input system development, telescope-fiber and fiber-spectrograph optical coupling, CCD detector adjustment. Instrument temperature effects on the obtained spectra have been investigated and a thermo-stabilization unit was developed. Significant influence of the thermo-stabilization mode on the optical parameters of the instrument has been shown.

We consider a few methods for estimating the finely and coarsely dispersed components of atmospheric aerosol optical depth (AOD), which are used for data of spectral measurements performed using different sun photometer types: СЕ 318 (AERONET) and Microtops (0.44-0.87 μm), SP and SPM (0.34-2.14 μm). In addition to the familiar AERONET method and empirical approach for separating the contributions of the two AOD components, we also present two other methods, based on regression relations with Ångström parameters. The uncertainties of using the alternative methods were estimated on the basis of multiyear datasets of joint measurements with different photometers in the region of Tomsk and during marine expeditions (the Atlantic and Antarctic Oceans). It is shown that the uncertainty of different methods for estimating the coarsely dispersed component, as compared to the base empirical method, is approximately the same (0.01-0.024) and comparable with the uncertainty of determining the atmospheric AOD itself.

In this paper, the data of directional scattering coefficient of aureole photometer for the scattering angles φ = 1.2°, φ = 4°, φ = 12° φ = 20° (collected from 2010 to 2015 years) to the data of traffic jams (presented by "Yandex traffic jams") is compared.

Results of the complex aerosol experiment “city-background”, performed in the Middle Urals in 2014, are discussed. We analyze interrelations of the optical and microphysical characteristics of aerosol in the atmospheric column and in the near-ground layer in two regions: in Yekaterinburg on the roof of Institute of Industrial Ecology, Ural Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences (IIE UB RAS) and in the background region on the territory of Kourovka Astronomical Observatory (KAO), located in forested terrain about 65 km northwest of the city. Estimates of how meteorological conditions influence the aerosol characteristics are presented.

In period of 2004-2015, we carried out yearly measurements of aerosol characteristics on one and the same route of Russian Antarctic expeditions in the Eastern Atlantic. Based on data obtained in 13 expeditions, in the report we discuss interrelations between different aerosol parameters, measured in the near-ground layer and in the entire atmospheric depth: number concentrations of small (d = 0.4-1 μm) and large (d > 1 μm) particles, mass concentrations of aerosol and black carbon, aerosol optical depth (AOD) of the atmosphere, its fine and coarse components, and selectivity indices of spectral AOD behavior. Correlations between aerosol parameters over ocean are analyzed for the total dataset, for separate latitude zones (regions).

The paper presents the experimental estimation of the turbulent eddy scales in diffusion flames based on the results of thermodynamic characteristic measurements using the thermography and the aerodynamic characteristics obtained by the PIV – method.

This paper presents the experimental study concerning the infrasound effect on the spectrum of the temperature change in flame during the combustion of ethanol.

This paper provides the method for the calibration of the thermal imager to be used in the experimental studies of the temperature field in the plasma jet, using carbon dioxide as a working medium.

This paper presents the results of mathematical modeling of the flow in the flame produced during the combustion of diesel fuel and the experimental estimation of the turbulent eddy scale in the flame using thermography methods. Comparison of the numerical results and the experimental data shows that the basic thermodynamic parameters of the flame are in good agreement with the scale of turbulent eddies in the flame.

Orientation probability densities of ice crystals constituting cirrus clouds are required for correct interpretation of the lidar signals. It is shown that in the case of the azimuthal orientation, the probability density function can be constructed as a superposition of azimuthal and zenith distribution functions. However, such a superposition has a discontinuity in the poles of the orientation unit sphere, so it would be preferable to use Fisher or Kent distributions. The backscattering Mueller matrix has been calculated for the hexagonal ice columns and plates for the first time. Possibility of retrieving the orientation distributions of the crystals from a vertically pointing polarization lidar measuring the full Mueller matrix is considered. It is shown that for the columns the element m₄₄ or, equivalently, the circular depolarization ratio distinguishes between the low and high zenith tilts of the crystals. Then, at their low or high zenith tilts, off-diagonal elements should be measured to retrieve the azimuth tilts.

A statistical research by years and seasons of dust aerosol event from the Middle East over the Black Sea using the seven-day back trajectory analyses for the period since 2007 to 2015 was conducted. The main optical and microphysical characteristics of arid aerosol from the area of the Sahara and Syrian desert was obtained from the results of Cimel measurements on Sevastopol station of international network AERONET. The data submitted 1. on the website of the international AERONET network: trajectories transfer of BTA (Back Trajectory Analyses) at 8 levels of pressure; 2. satellites data; 3. HYSPLIT (Hybrid Single Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory Model) model data for Sevastopol and other Black Sea stations have been analysed.

An active differential optical absorption spectroscopy (DOAS) gas-analyzer was successfully tested. The DOAS system consisted of a coaxial telescope, a spectrometer, an analyzer and retroreflector. A high pressure 150-W Xe arc lamp and UV LEDs were employed as a light source. In order to record the spectra, a monochrometer with a grating and photodiode array was adopted. Gas analyzer spectral data bank includes more than 40 molecules absorbed in UV spectral region. The measured absorption spectra were evaluated by using a least-squares fit to determine the average mixing ratio of each species in the atmosphere. As a result of experiments time series of concentrations of gases polluting the atmosphere were trace measured. Minimally detected concentration is the unit of ppb on path length from 200 to 500 m at the time of accumulation up to 3 minute. The results of the field test measurements of pollutants in Tomsk are presented.

The paper presents the result of simultaneous observation of cirrus clouds by a lidar and an all-sky camera. The observation was started at 17:00, 24 March, 2016 and finished at 09:00, 25 March, 2016. The polarization lidar of V.E. Zuev Institute of Atmospheric Optics was used. The cirrus cloud was formed at 8000 m and went down to 4000 m at the end of observation. The linear depolarization ratio varied from 60% to less than 1%. The layer of quasi-horizontally oriented ice crystals was observed. Simultaneously, the all-sky camera pictured the 22 degrees halos while the lidar measured high depolarization ratio, which means that randomly oriented hexagonal ice particles were forming the cloud. The camera also pictured the Sundogs when the depolarization ratio tended to zero at about 21:30 that definitely indicates the quasi-horizontally oriented hexagonal plates. Absence of the Sundogs in the all-sky pictures while both the lidar sense low depolarization ratio, strong intensity and the specular reflection appears means that the cloud was formed by quasi-horizontally oriented particles with complex shape, i.e. snowflakes. The simultaneous lidar and all-sky camera observations seems to be a very prospective method to retrieve the microphysical properties of cirrus clouds.

The paper presets the research results of the influence of hexagonal ice column’s dihedral angle of 90° distortions on the backscattering matrix. The solution of the light scattering problem for hexagonal ice columns is obtained within the physical optics approximation. The results are obtained for hexagonal ice columns with lengths of 10, 31, 100, 316, 562, 1000 microns and diameters of 7, 22, 70, 123, 165, 220 microns, respectively. The distortion angle of the dihedral angle of 90° runs within the range of 0° (regular particle) to 10°. The calculations were carried out for the wavelength of 532 nm. The refractive index was assumed to be 1.3116. In addition to the backscattering matrix, the geometric scattering cross section and the important optical characteristics such as the lidar and depolarization ratios were calculated. The results showed that the influence of deformation on the optical characteristics increases with the particle size.

In the report, we analyze the data of lidar measurements of optical characteristics of aerosol in the stratosphere over Tomsk; the analysis revealed the periods of elevated aerosol content after a series of explosive eruptions of volcanoes of the Pacific “Ring of Fire” and Iceland in 2006-2011. For these relatively weak eruptions (which injected to the stratosphere no more than 2 Mt of sulfur dioxide, serving the source for the sulfur acid aerosol formation), the periods of elevated aerosol content had been from a few months to half-year. Since 2012, a background state of aerosol loading had been established in the stratosphere over Tomsk. The regional empirical model of background stratospheric aerosol, developed by us for 2000-2008, was corrected to include data of measurements from 2012 to 2016.

The content of gaseous species of atmosphere (СО, СO₂, NO₂, O₃, СН₄) during the period of smoke haze caused by forest fires in the summer 2012 over Siberia is analyzed on the base of satellite and ground-based (Tomsk) measurements. The temporal evolution of the spatial distributions of carbon monoxide and aerosol optical thickness of the atmosphere over Tomsk region is discussed.

When solving the inverse problem for the data measured with nephelometer in the visible wavelength range, the complex refractive index of aerosol particles is determined with an accuracy up to n–κ. Joint analysis of the scattering and extinction coefficients allows to obtain n and κ separately and to extend the range of particle sizes where the size distribution function is retrieved reliably. Estimates of the errors in determining n and κ, as well as the sensitivity of the measured parameters and to particles of different sizes are presented.

We investigated the vertical tornado flame obtained in a laboratory experiment. The results of laser sensing of the flame at several altitudes. Calculated spectral function of intensity fluctuations of a laser beam. For these functions are set depending altitude slopes in the high-frequency region.

The software complex is destined for processing the lidar signals at the Small Siberian Lidar Station of IAO SB RAS (SSLS). It is capable of retrieving the vertical profiles of aerosol, temperature, and density in the middle atmosphere. The results of operation of the complex are the tables, in which the results of calculation of the vertical profiles are presented in the numerical form and the graphic representation of the results as plots. The data processed are stored in the HDF5 format.

The vertical distributions of temperature in the lower stratosphere obtained from lidar, balloon, and satellite measurements, are compared. Raman and Rayleigh channels of detecting the scattered light at the wavelengths of 607 and 532 nm were used in the lidar measurements. Good qualitative and quantitative coincidence of the vertical profiles of temperature is obtained. The prospectiveness of the use of this combined method for measuring temperature in the stratosphere is shown.

The possibilities are estimated of measuring temperature by the method of elastic molecular scattering of light by a spaceborne lidar. The errors in lidar measurements of temperature in the middle atmosphere in UV spectral range are calculated. The solid-state Nd-YAG laser with irradiation at 3 and 4 harmonics with the wavelengths of 353 and 266 nm was taken as a transmitter of the lidar. The prospectiveness is shown of sounding by the laser at the wavelength of 353 nm, at which the height range from 10 up to 70 km over dark surface of the Earth is covered with measurements. Measurements by means of the laser with the wavelength of 266 nm in the middle atmosphere are practically impossible because of absorption of radiation by ozone.

In the problem of light scattering by ice crystals of cirrus clouds, a new quantity characterizing microphysics of the clouds is determined. This quantity appears at simultaneous use of lidar and radar signals reflected from the same cloud. The quantity is the ratio of the backscattering cross section averaged over a statistical crystal ensemble to the averaged crystal volume. It is shown that this new characteristics can be effective if it is used together with the color ratio for retrieving microphysics of quasi-horizontally oriented crystals

The dynamics of the atmospheric boundary layer was observed at the IAO SB RAS experimental area in June 2015 with the use of remote sensing facilities: aerosol and Doppler lidars and Doppler sodar, temperature radiometer, radiozondes. The results of these combined observations are presented in the paper. The structure of the aerosol and wind fields in the period of convective mixing layer and frontal passage is shown. The appearance of internal gravity waves and low-level jet streams in the boundary layer is considered.

Present work is devoted to the description of information and algorithmic support for creation of a program complex for an assessment of forest fire danger. The assessment of forest fire danger is made on the basis of algorithm for classification of the forest territory by vegetation conditions and the modified Nesterov's index. Meteorological data (air temperature and cloudiness) and also the data on thermal anomalies received from satellite measurements by MODIS spectroradiometer for the territory of the Timiryazevskiy forestry of the Tomsk region are used as information on the Environment state.