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The forensic authentication examination of the formation time of digital photos is a significant technical challenge in the field of forensic science and plays an important role on court litigation and judicial forensics. The authentication of a digital photo’s formation time involves professionally judging the actual taken time of the photo. However, the timerelated data contained in digital photos depends on the system time information of the shooting device, which can be easily manually altered. This fact fundamentally complicates the forensic authentication examination of the formation time of digital photos by affecting the authenticity of the data source. This paper investigates the formation time identification issues for photos taken by mainstream smartphones by using the key technologies from the fields of mobile digital data forensics and image authenticity verification. The characteristics of smartphone camera applications and the photographic traits of images produced by smartphones are comprehensively studied. The context image information, image file properties, and metadata from smartphones are used for study. We aim to scientifically and effectively authenticate the formation time of photos from mainstream smartphones, providing critical technical support and guidance for forensic science.
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