1.

Introduction

Optical microresonators are key elements for fabrication of a great variety of photonic devices applied in both linear and nonlinear optics. Generally, the mode resonance is obtained by utilizing two or more mirrors or gratings. Multiple recirculation of light in optical microresonators enables laser oscillation and increases the effective path length, providing a great potential in spectroscopic and interferometric measurements. However, conventional Fabry–Perot resonators have some drawbacks, such as high cost, low compactness, and mechanical instability.¹

Dielectric spherical microresonators, i.e., dielectric microspheres, allow light confinement in circular orbits by means of repeated total internal reflections occurring at the spherical boundary between the dielectric surface and the surrounding medium. Their surprising properties are related to the resonance of the well-known whispering gallery modes (WGMs), exhibiting high quality factors $Q({10}^5÷{10}^9)$ and small mode volumes.

WGMs in fused-silica microspheres have been excited using evanescent field provided by a prism,² polished optical fiber coupler,^3,4 and tapered optical fiber.⁵ WGM resonances in dielectric microspheres have been investigated and experimented for many applications, e.g., the polarization transmission, coupled-resonator-induced transparency, biosensing, nonlinear optics, quantum electrodynamics, and quantum information processing.^6–8 Moreover, they enable novel functionalities for planar lightwave circuits, such as wavelength selectivity, energy storage and dispersion control, and resonant filtering.⁹

Microspheres doped with rare-earth ions can operate as microcavity amplifiers or lasers. Rare-earth-doped microspheres based on silica, phosphate, tellurite, and ZBLAN ($\text{Zr}{\text{F}}_4\text{-}\text{Ba}{\text{F}}_2\text{-La}{\text{F}}_3\text{-}\text{Al}{\text{F}}_3\text{-}\text{NaF}$) glass host materials have been fabricated, obtaining low threshold lasing and very narrow emission linewidth.^8,10–13 As an example, WGMs were excited in ${\mathrm{Nd}}^{3+}$-doped fluoride glass microsphere by using a $\mathrm{Ti}:{\mathrm{Al}}_2{\mathrm{O}}_3$ laser tuned to 800 nm.¹⁴ The laser pump thresholds were found to be 5 and 60 mW for the 1051 and 1334 nm wavelength emissions, respectively.

Chalcogenide glasses exhibit peculiar optical properties, such as a high refractive index, extremely high nonlinearity, photosensitivity, and low phonon energy. WGMs in chalcogenide microspheres have low modal volume. In addition, due to the high refractive index, high absorption and emission cross-sections are measured in these kinds of glasses.¹⁵ However, the low phonon energy induces large radiative decay rates and high quantum efficiency and allows radiative transitions, which are quenched by the multiphonon decay in silica glasses. Moreover, the high rare-earth solubility facilitates the fabrication of efficient lasers and amplifiers. The feasibility of a chalcogenide microsphere has been demonstrated in a variety of works.^15,16–18 As an example, in Ref. 16, the fabrication of chalcogenide microspheres heated by contact with a temperature-controlled ceramic surface has been demonstrated; WGM resonances excited by using tapered silica glass fiber have been observed and a Q factor $>{10}^5$ was measured close to the wavelength $\lambda =1.55\mu \text{m}$. In Ref. 9, with packaged chalcogenide ${\mathrm{As}}_2{\mathrm{S}}_3$ microspheres using a low refractive index, UV-curable polymer have been fabricated; high-Q modes have been excited at wavelengths close to 1.55 μm in a 110-μm-diameter chalcogenide microsphere via evanescent coupling from a 2-μm-diameter tapered silica fiber.

The need to assemble chalcogenide microsphere via evanescent coupling from tapered silica fiber on feasible planar geometry to be suitably packaged has led the authors to fabricate preliminary microsphere prototypes of chalcogenide glass with the composition of ${\mathrm{Ga}}_5{\mathrm{Ge}}_{20}{\mathrm{Sb}}_{10}{\mathrm{S}}_{65}$ and doped with erbium. Partly truncated spheres, called superspheres, working as a WGM resonator around its equatorial plane, have been lately fabricated via surface-tension mold (StM) technique.¹⁹ The characterization of these prototypes has strongly encouraged the numerical modeling illustrated in this paper.

During the past decades, a large literature has reported experiments on rare-earth-doped microspheres, but only a few papers have addressed simulation models for lasing in microspheres.^20–22 However, accurate numerical modeling is needed for microsphere design and refinement.

In conventional numerical procedures,^20–22 the solution of the rate and power propagation equations is performed by optimizing, one by one, each design parameter. However, the nonlinearity of the equations makes algorithms based on these approaches computationally expensive. Global and stochastic optimization methods are efficient tools to investigate these kinds of problems. As an example, particle swarm optimization (PSO) approaches have been developed for the optimization and characterization of rare-earth-doped photonic crystal fiber amplifiers.^23–25

In this paper, an amplifying system operating close to 2.7 μm and based on ${\mathrm{Er}}^{3+}$-doped chalcogenide microsphere coupled to a tapered fiber has been optimized via a PSO approach. An accurate three-dimensional mathematical model for ${\mathrm{Er}}^{3+}$-doped chalcogenide microspheres^26,27 is employed for calculating the fitness function of the PSO procedure.^23–25 The core of the developed numerical code is based on the coupled mode theory and the rate equations model. In particular, it includes the modal distribution of the optical waves in both tapered fiber and microsphere, and takes into account the most relevant active phenomena in ${\mathrm{Er}}^{3+}$-doped chalcogenide glasses, such as the absorption rates at both pump and signal wavelengths, the stimulated emission rate at signal wavelength, the amplified spontaneous emission noise, the lifetime and branching ratios of the considered energy levels, the ion-ion energy transfers, and the excited state absorption. The design is realistically performed on the basis of the optical and spectroscopic parameters measured on chalcogenide glass^26–28 and by considering the coupling of the microsphere with a tapered fiber.

The PSO approach has given good results, allowing a global optimization of the microsphere amplifier by varying simultaneously a number of design parameters. As a result, an improvement of the simulated gain of the microsphere amplifier from $G=6.9\mathrm{dB}$, found with the deterministic approach (DA)²⁶ for a very similar device, to $G=33.7\mathrm{dB}$ found in this paper with PSO, has been obtained. The numerical results underline that due to the high number of design parameters to be optimized, a deterministic solution searching strategy does not allow an efficient design in these kinds of problems.

2.

Theory

The amplifying system consists of a tapered optical fiber placed close to the equator of an ${\mathrm{Er}}^{3+}$-doped chalcogenide microsphere. Figure 1 illustrates a sketch of the amplifying system. A detailed description of the model (without PSO) is reported by the authors in Ref. 26.

Fig. 1

Layout sketch of the chalcogenide fiber taper coupled to the ${\mathrm{Er}}^{3+}$-doped chalcogenide microsphere.

The azimuthal, polar, and radial distributions of WGMs are given by the complex exponential functions, Hermite polynomials, and spherical Bessel functions, respectively. Each WGM can be identified by three integers $n$, $l$, and $m$. WGMs with higher spatial overlap with the fiber taper have their power bounded near the equatorial plane ($m=l$ and $n=1$). The coupling of the optical power between the tapered fiber and the undoped microsphere is modeled by using the coupled mode theory.^29–31 The time domain evolution of the amplitude $A$ of the internal cavity electromagnetic field at the pump $p$ and the signal $s$ wavelength can be obtained by solving the following differential equations:^26,30–35

The gain $G$ for the amplifier is related to the objective function to be maximized via PSO.

$A_{\text{in},l,m,n}$ and $A_{\text{out},l,m,n}$ are the amplitudes of mode electric field at the input and at the output fiber section and coupled with the $l$,$m$, $n$ WGM mode of the microsphere; $\tau =2\pi R_0{n}_{\mathrm{eff}}/c$ is the circulation time inside the microsphere, $n_{\mathrm{eff}}$ is the WGM effective refractive index, $c$ is the speed of light in vacuum; $\mathrm{\Delta }\omega ={\omega }_{\text{in}}-{\omega }_{\mathrm{WGM}}$ is the frequency detuning of the fiber input signal from the WGM resonance frequency; ${\tau }_0=1/{\kappa }_0^2=Q_0/{\omega }_{\mathrm{WGM}}$ is the coupling lifetime, where $Q_0$ is the intrinsic quality factor and ${\kappa }_0$ is the intrinsic cavity decay rate; ${\tau }_{\mathrm{ext}}=m\pi /(\omega {\kappa }^2)$ is the coupling lifetime, $\kappa$ is the cavity decay rate or coupling coefficient; $\tilde{\nu }={\nu }_{l,m,n}$ is the WGM resonant frequency; ${\sigma }_{i,j}(\tilde{\nu })$ is the erbium cross-section at frequency $\tilde{\nu }$; $A_{l,m,n}^a$ is the slowly varying amplitude scaling the normalized electric field $E_{l,m,n}^a$ on the $r-\theta$ plane; ${\mathrm{\Gamma }}_{l,m,n}^{q,a}$ with $a=p$, $s$ is the overlap factor of each WGM with the rare-earth profile in the $q$’th sector (the microsphere doped area is divided in $q$ sector in the $r-\theta$ plane); and $N_i^q$ $i=1,2,\dots 6$ is the ion population concentration of $i$’th energy level in the $q$’th sector.²⁶

Design and optimization of rare-earth-doped glass amplifiers are typically based on the deterministic optimization methods. The optimal amplifier length, the rare-earth concentration, the waveguide transversal section, and all the other design parameters are identified one at a time. The up-conversion and cross-relaxation phenomena induce nonlinearities in rare-earth-doped glass amplifier model. As a result, the optimization problem is difficult to be performed, especially in a rare-earth-doped microsphere amplifier, where a number of geometrical parameters have to be finely optimized. Moreover, deterministic algorithms can exhibit stagnation problems in local maxima/minima during the global optimization search of the objective functions (e.g., gain, bandwidth, output power, signal-to-noise ratio). The stochastic nature of the PSO algorithm allows a high efficiency in optimization of a large number of parameters for its ability to avoid local maxima/minima and operate in discontinuous solution domains.

The PSO algorithm is inspired by the behavior of a swarm (populations) of M individuals of bees (trial solutions or particles), which fly in a field ($N$-dimensional search space) to search for food, i.e., high density of flowers (to maximize/minimize a fitness function). A flow chart of the PSO algorithm is illustrated in Fig. 2. Each particle $p_i$ is characterized by a position $x_i$ constituting a trial solution. The trial solution goodness is evaluated by means of the fitness function.^36,37 The bee positions (solutions) are updated by applying the operator $v_i$, called velocity, which is dynamically adjusted according to the historical behaviors of the particle fly in order to maximize/minimize the suitable fitness function. At first, each bee (particle) has a random position and a random velocity; then its trajectory is modified by keeping track of its location in the solution space and by taking into account both the previous location giving the best fitness value experimented by the single particle (personal best, ${\mathrm{P}}_{\text{best}}$) and highest fitness location discovered by the entire swarm (global best, ${\mathrm{G}}_{\text{best}}$). In this way, the entire swarm moves toward positions characterized by maximized/minimized values of a fitness function.

Fig. 2

Flow chart of the particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm.

More precisely, the position ${\mathbf{x}}_i$ and the velocity ${\mathbf{v}}_i$ vectors of the particles at each iteration are updated by means of the following set of equations:^36,37

3.

Design and Synthesis of ${\mathrm{Er}}^{3+}:{\mathrm{Ga}}_5{\mathrm{Ge}}_{20}{\mathrm{Sb}}_{10}{\mathrm{S}}_{65}$ Chalcogenide Microsphere Amplifier

In this section, PSO numerical modeling, aimed to identify the optimal fiber taper coupled ${\mathrm{Er}}^{3+}:{\mathrm{Ga}}_5{\mathrm{Ge}}_{20}{\mathrm{Sb}}_{10}{\mathrm{S}}_{65}$ chalcogenide microsphere amplifier, operating in the mid-IR wavelength range is illustrated. The motivation is related to the good experimental results obtained by applying StM technique to fabricate the aforesaid erbium-doped chalcogenide glass microsphere.¹⁹ The bulk glass sample was prepared by a conventional melting and quenching method in a silica glass ampoule.³⁸ The fabricated glass was crushed into a powder of $<200\mu \text{m}$. The crushed glass powders were classified using sieves in the range of 20 to 40 μm and 40 to 80 μm, washed by iso-propanol under ultrasonic wave, and finally, dried in air for a day. These powders were put on a polished glassy carbon substrate and heated at 515°C for 5 min on the electric furnace settled in a glove box filled with dry Ar gas or in a furnace with a flux of Ar and ${\mathrm{H}}_2\mathrm{S}$ gas.

As shown in Fig. 3, the StM technique realizes the formation of a superspherical shape because the contact angle of 2S2G glass is $\theta >90\mathrm{deg}$, as a glassy carbon is a favorable substrate to induce low wettability of the molten chalcogenide glass. Quitea high Q factor can be realized in a truly spherical particle made of the extremely transparent material without scattering inclusion and contaminant on and/or inside the sphere. Therefore, when we desire the preparation of a superspherical optical resonator of ${\mathrm{Ga}}_5{\mathrm{Ge}}_{20}{\mathrm{Sb}}_{10}{\mathrm{S}}_{65}$ glass by the StM technique, we have to pay attention to the factors of shape (curvature of sphere) and the surface scattering. The percentage of prepared superspheres with high sphericity and/or circularity at the equatorial plane was $\sim 10\%$, and their deviation to circularity was $<3\%$. These values are good enough to use them for an optical resonator. The glass transition temperature of ${\mathrm{Ga}}_5{\mathrm{Ge}}_{20}{\mathrm{Sb}}_{10}{\mathrm{S}}_{65}$ glass is sensitive to the atomic ratio of sulfur to the metals. Lower sulfur content increases the glass transition temperature and could decrease the thermal stability of glass against crystallization. The precipitation of crystal is energetically easy on the heterogeneous interface like glass surface. A Raman spectroscopy investigation of the sulfide glass supersphere was done and the above hypothesis was confirmed. Once $\alpha \text{-}{\mathrm{GeS}}_2$ crystallites appear on the surface of the molten glass droplet, it corrupts the balance of the surface tension in the particle and produces a distorted supersphere. In order to make a good spherical surface and improve its Q factor, the surface crystallization has to be suppressed well. Therefore, strict control of sulfur content of the ${\mathrm{Ga}}_5{\mathrm{Ge}}_{20}{\mathrm{Sb}}_{10}{\mathrm{S}}_{65}$ glass is requisite for the preparation of optical resonator made of glass by the StM technique. The results were significantly improved when a mixture of ${\mathrm{H}}_2\mathrm{S}/\mathrm{Ar}$ gas was employed during the StM heat treatment; this is an essential way of reducing the crystal surface formation. Thanks to the optimized StM process enabling superspherical microsphere fabrication in the diameter range of 5 to 50 μm, WGMs were observed for these microspheres concerning their luminescence around 650 nm using the Raman spectrophotometer, and a luminescence centered at $\sim 2775\mathrm{nm}$ corresponding to the ${{}^{4}I}_{11/2}\to {{}^{4}I}_{13/2}$ transition was also experimentally observed from ${\mathrm{Er}}^{3+}:{\mathrm{Ga}}_5{\mathrm{Ge}}_{20}{\mathrm{Sb}}_{10}{\mathrm{S}}_{65}$ glass pumped at 980 nm (Fig. 4). These experimental observations augur well to obtain lasing demonstration in microspheres made of ${\mathrm{Er}}^{3+}:{\mathrm{Ga}}_5{\mathrm{Ge}}_{20}{\mathrm{Sb}}_{10}{\mathrm{S}}_{65}$ and have encouraged us to develop the PSO modeling to consider an effective evanescent wave coupling of the ${\mathrm{Er}}^{3+}:{\mathrm{Ga}}_5{\mathrm{Ge}}_{20}{\mathrm{Sb}}_{10}{\mathrm{S}}_{65}$ microsphere, allowing laser emission in the mid-IR spectral range.

Fig. 3

Optical microscope and SEM image of ${\mathrm{Er}}^{3+}:{\mathrm{Ga}}_5{\mathrm{Ge}}_{20}{\mathrm{Sb}}_{10}{\mathrm{S}}_{65}$ micrometer microsphere coated with Au/Pd conductive layer at the surface for SEM imaging.

Fig. 4

Feasibilty investigation: (a) Raman and fluorescence spectra for 633 nm excitation in the center and border of an equatorial plane of the ${\mathrm{Er}}^{3+}:{\mathrm{Ga}}_5{\mathrm{Ge}}_{20}{\mathrm{Sb}}_{10}{\mathrm{S}}_{65}$ microsphere. (b) Fluorescence spectrum of ${\mathrm{Er}}^{3+}:{\mathrm{Ga}}_5{\mathrm{Ge}}_{20}{\mathrm{Sb}}_{10}{\mathrm{S}}_{65}$ glass excited at 980 nm.

In the PSO modeling, the pump wavelength is close to ${\lambda }_p=980\mathrm{nm}$ and the signal wavelength is close to ${\lambda }_s=2770\mathrm{nm}$. The size of the fiber taper has to be designed to ensure the fundamental mode propagation and a suitable evanescent field in the fiber-microsphere gap. In order to carry out a realistic optimization and, therefore, an actual evaluation of the device feasibility, the simulations have been performed by taking into account the refractive index wavelength dispersion by means of the Sellmeier equation ^26,28 and the measured spectroscopic parameter summarized in Table 1.²⁸

Table 1

Spectroscopic parameters of the Er3+-doped chalcogenide glass.27

The absorption and emission cross-sections affect the competition among a number of different resonant WGMs. As an example, the absorption cross-section at the pump wavelength $\lambda =986\mathrm{nm}$ is close to $1.32\times {10}^{-24}{\mathrm{m}}^2$, while the emission cross-section at the signal wavelength $\lambda =2770\mathrm{nm}$ is close to $1.4\times {10}^{-24}{\mathrm{m}}^2$. Different emission and absorption cross-section values are considered for the different WGM resonance frequencies. The thickness of the erbium-doped region (near the microsphere surface) and the erbium concentration are $s=3\mu \text{m}$ and $N_{\mathrm{Er}}=0.5\mathrm{w}\%$, respectively. The input pump power is $P_p=100\mathrm{mW}$ and the input signal power $P_s=-50\mathrm{dBm}$.

The approach based on swarm intelligence is employed in the design to obtain values of parameters maximizing the optical gain. In particular, the PSO is applied to optimize microsphere radius $R_0$, taper waist radius $a$, taper angle $\delta$, and taper-microsphere gap $g$. Therefore, the algorithm described in Sec. 2 is written by defining a swarm composed of $N=32$ particles. The position vector of the $i$’th particle is ${\mathbf{x}}_i={[R_o^i,a^i,{\delta }^i,g^i]}^T$, with $i=1,2,\dots ,\mathrm{N}$. The fitness function is:

The PSO parameters have been tuned heuristically by evaluating the solution space characteristic. On the basis of previous working experiences, the limits of the considered parameters have been roughly fixed such that the maximum gain is expected to lie in suitable ranges. The parameters used in PSO algorithm and the solution space limits are summarized in Table 2.

Table 2

Parameters and solution space limits used in particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm.

The PSO simulations have been performed by considering many WGMs in the wavelength band from 2740 to 2820 nm. The PSO has allowed the identification of the maximum gain (global best) for the ${\mathrm{WGM}}_{\mathrm{1,217,217}}$ with the following optimal parameters: microsphere radius $R_0=45\mu \text{m}$, taper waist radius $a=517\mathrm{nm}$, taper angle $\delta =0.03\mathrm{rad}$, and taper-microsphere gap $g=512\mathrm{nm}$. By simulations, slight variations (tens of nanometers) of taper waist radius and taper-microsphere gap induce low gain changes ($\sim 1\mathrm{dB}$). By varying the parameter $n$ from 1 to 3, 18 different resonant WGMs were simulated. The parameters $n$, $l$, and $m$, the WGM resonance wavelengths, the output powers, and the optical gains are reported in Table 3.

Table 3

PSO optimized amplifier. Parameters l=m and n of whispering gallery mode, resonance wavelength, output power, and optical gain.

For each WGM, the proper resonance frequency is taken into account in order to evaluate all the spectroscopic and physical parameters (refractive index, emission cross-section, absorption cross-section, etc.) affecting the competition with the other WGMs. The modes with $n=1$, 2, 3 and $m=l$ have been considered in the simulation. WGMs with different values of $l$ and $m$ have not been considered because they exhibited a low overlapping factor ${\mathrm{\Gamma }}_{l,m,n}^{q,s}$. Table 4 reports the comparison among the parameter values calculated by the proposed PSO algorithm and those obtained with the deterministic DA one illustrated in Ref. 26. The use of a deterministic method requires a suitable discretization for $R_0$, $a$, $\delta$, $g$ and thus the investigation of an extremely high number of different cases with a very large time consumption.

Table 4

Comparison between deterministic approach (DA) and PSO: gain, microsphere radius Ro, taper waist radius a, taper angle δ, and taper-microsphere gap.

Table 5 reports the characteristics of the PSO optimized amplifier. A low intrinsic signal lifetime ${\tau }_0$, resulting in low losses, is calculated. The results reported in Tables 3 to 5 show that the proposed PSO approach finds solutions more efficiently than the deterministic one.²⁶

Table 5

Characteristics of the PSO optimized amplifier.

A high number of PSO launches have been performed. In almost all cases, $\sim 18$ iterations were required for convergence, obtaining a global best close to 33.7 dB.

The discrepancy in the calculated maximum gain observed between the DA, $G=6.9\mathrm{dB}$, and the PSO, $G=33.7\mathrm{dB}$, is due to the higher efficiency of global optimization approach, allowing a better design to parity of calculation time consumption. In fact, PSO can optimize simultaneously a high number of parameters through an automated global solution search. On the contrary, in DA, to avoid an extremely large time consumption, a parameter at a time is varied, by fixing all the others which are supposed to be optimized (local search). A global search could be performed with a DA, but a very high number of simulation cases are required. The DA simulation number is related to the calculation accuracy (parameter quantization/discretization) and to the number of parameters to be optimized. When the designer chooses the most promising DA simulation cases, some particular configurations can be neglected, thus losing the best configuration. Therefore, in this paper, PSO has allowed the identification of a specific amplifier configuration not included in the deterministic investigation illustrated in Ref. 26.

The performance of the PSO approach can be easily understood by the example of Fig. 5. It illustrates the PSO solution: (a) microsphere radius $R_0$ and taper waist radius $a$; (b) taper angle $\delta$ and taper-microsphere gap $g$. The color represents the optical gain corresponding to each particle. It is worthwhile to note that many particles are located in a small region around the maximum gain value (global best).

Fig. 5

PSO optimized solutions: (a) Microsphere radius $R_0$ and fiber taper radius $a$. (b) Gap $g$ and taper angle $\delta$.

Figure 6 illustrates the fitness $F({\mathbf{x}}_i)$ corresponding to the global best (i.e., gain $G$ in decibel, calculated for the global best of the swarm) versus iteration number. The best particle provides a gain very close to the maximum one after only 18 iterations. This confirms that the algorithm enables one to find solutions quickly.

Fig. 6

Fitness function corresponding to global best versus iterations.

The simulation results indicate that the proposed ${\mathrm{Er}}^{3+}$-doped chalcogenide microsphere amplifier, evanescently coupled with a tapered optical fiber, seems very promising and could find interesting applications. Although good ${\mathrm{Ga}}_5{\mathrm{Ge}}_{20}{\mathrm{Sb}}_{10}{\mathrm{S}}_{65}$ have been fabricated and characterized, the amplifier construction is related to the nontrivial problem of drawing a suitable ${\mathrm{Ga}}_5{\mathrm{Ge}}_{20}{\mathrm{Sb}}_{10}{\mathrm{S}}_{65}$ fiber taper with very small radius. Therefore, further technological efforts will be dedicated in future to this aim. For instance, an integrated optical system can be envisaged to overcome the fragility of fiber taper for such dimensions.³⁹

4.

Conclusions

In this paper, an accurate design of ${\mathrm{Er}}^{3+}$-doped chalcogenide microsphere amplifier evanescently coupled with a tapered optical fiber has been performed. The amplifying system has been optimized via a PSO procedure for operation close to 2770 nm. The PSO has provided surprising performance in terms of convergence and efficiency, allowing a global optimization of the microsphere amplifier. An improvement of the simulated gain of the microsphere amplifier from $G=6.9\mathrm{dB}$, found using DA, to $G=33.7\mathrm{dB}$, found in this paper using PSO, has been obtained. This demonstrates that a deterministic solution searching strategy does not allow an efficient design in these kinds of problems. Moreover, the simulation results indicate that the proposed ${\mathrm{Er}}^{3+}$-doped chalcogenide microsphere amplifier, evanescently coupled with a tapered optical fiber, is feasible after drawing a suitable ${\mathrm{Ga}}_5{\mathrm{Ge}}_{20}{\mathrm{Sb}}_{10}{\mathrm{S}}_{65}$ fiber taper with radius close to 517 nm.