Honeywell Aerospace is implementing on behalf of the Canadian Space Agency the Quantum Encryption and Science Satellite (QEYSSat), a Canadian-owned and operated scientific and technology demonstration mission aimed at developing the next-generation of secure communications infrastructure backed by quantum physics. The mission management is led by the Canadian Space Agency and the science is led by the Institute for Quantum Computing at the University of Waterloo. Quantum key distribution (QKD) is a method for issuing, via single-photon transmission, verifiably-confidential encryption keys between two parties. This capability is a powerful tool for the transfer of sensitive data (e.g. financial transactions, health records, etc.), however current terrestrial QKD networks are limited to a few hundred kilometres in geographic reach between nodes. The QEYSSat mission will use a satellite receiver as a trusted node to demonstrate the distribution of secure keys between ground stations separated by at least 400 km. In addition, Honeywell intends to fly an optical intersatellite link (OISL) terminal as a hosted payload on this mission. The QEYSSat mission will utilize both weak coherent pulse (WCP) sources and entangled photon sources in an uplink configuration to study the performance of QKD, and to perform Bell tests of long-range quantum entanglement. Honeywell is building the QKD receiver terminal consisting of a front-end telescope, a precision pointing and tracking system and single-photon detectors. Major technical challenges include polarization management throughout the optical chain, accurate pointing and tracking, and suppression of background and stray light sources. To address these challenges, Honeywell is leveraging its existing commercial optical communications solutions to meet the more stringent performance requirements for space-based QKD. The QKD terminal architecture consists of an afocal front-end telescope, a wide FOV high-precision pointing and tracking assembly, a polarization analyzer and single-photon photodetector system. A large-diameter on-axis telescope for geostationary optical communications forms the basis for the terminal’s front-end optics, and Honeywell’s commercial Optical Pointing and Tracking Relay Assembly for intersatellite Communications (OPTRAC) has been adapted as a quantum-ready pointing and tracking unit (QTRAC). For each element, substantial effort has been made to develop an optical system that preserves single-photon states with high fidelity despite the large number of optical surfaces in the chain. The optical assembly for the QKD terminal was developed and tested at the breadboard level in 2020; this paper will highlight the development and testing of these units as well as the overall architecture and concept of the QEYSSat mission.
The Canadian Astro-H Metrology System (CAMS) on the Hitomi x-ray satellite is a laser alignment system that measures the lateral displacement (X/Y) of the extensible optical bench (EOB) along the optical axis of the hard x-ray telescopes (HXTs). The CAMS consists of two identical units that together can be used to discern translation and rotation of the deployable element along the axis. This paper presents the results of in-flight usage of the CAMS during deployment of the EOB and during two observations (Crab and G21.5-0.9) with the HXTs. The CAMS was extremely important during the deployment operation by providing real-time positioning information of the EOB with micrometer-scale resolution. We show how the CAMS improves data quality coming from the hard x-ray imagers. Moreover, we demonstrate that a metrology system is even more important as the angular resolution of the telescope increases. Such a metrology system will be an indispensable tool for future high-resolution x-ray imaging missions.
The Hitomi (ASTRO-H) mission is the sixth Japanese x-ray astronomy satellite developed by a large international collaboration, including Japan, USA, Canada, and Europe. The mission aimed to provide the highest energy resolution ever achieved at E > 2 keV, using a microcalorimeter instrument, and to cover a wide energy range spanning four decades in energy from soft x-rays to gamma rays. After a successful launch on February 17, 2016, the spacecraft lost its function on March 26, 2016, but the commissioning phase for about a month provided valuable information on the onboard instruments and the spacecraft system, including astrophysical results obtained from first light observations. The paper describes the Hitomi (ASTRO-H) mission, its capabilities, the initial operation, and the instruments/spacecraft performances confirmed during the commissioning operations for about a month.
The Hitomi (ASTRO-H) mission is the sixth Japanese X-ray astronomy satellite developed by a large international collaboration, including Japan, USA, Canada, and Europe. The mission aimed to provide the highest energy resolution ever achieved at E > 2 keV, using a microcalorimeter instrument, and to cover a wide energy range spanning four decades in energy from soft X-rays to gamma-rays. After a successful launch on 2016 February 17, the spacecraft lost its function on 2016 March 26, but the commissioning phase for about a month provided valuable information on the on-board instruments and the spacecraft system, including astrophysical results obtained from first light observations. The paper describes the Hitomi (ASTRO-H) mission, its capabilities, the initial operation, and the instruments/spacecraft performances confirmed during the commissioning operations for about a month.
The joint JAXA/NASA ASTRO-H mission is the sixth in a series of highly successful X-ray missions developed by the Institute of Space and Astronautical Science (ISAS), with a planned launch in 2015. The ASTRO-H mission is equipped with a suite of sensitive instruments with the highest energy resolution ever achieved at E > 3 keV and a wide energy range spanning four decades in energy from soft X-rays to gamma-rays. The simultaneous broad band pass, coupled with the high spectral resolution of ΔE ≤ 7 eV of the micro-calorimeter, will enable a wide variety of important science themes to be pursued. ASTRO-H is expected to provide breakthrough results in scientific areas as diverse as the large-scale structure of the Universe and its evolution, the behavior of matter in the gravitational strong field regime, the physical conditions in sites of cosmic-ray acceleration, and the distribution of dark matter in galaxy clusters at different redshifts.
The Hard X-ray Telescopes on Astro-H have a 12-meter focal length. In order to achieve this long focal length and still fit compactly in the H-IIA launch fairing, the detectors are mounted at the end of an extendable optical bench that will be deployed in orbit. Once in operation, the spacecraft will experience distortions primarily due to thermal fluctuations in low-earth orbit and it is important that the misalignment between the telescopes and instruments is accurately measured. The Canadian Astro-H Metrology System (CAMS) is a laser alignment system that will measure optical alignment deviations. The CAMS is compact, consumes little power, and is stable over a wide temperature range. The system will be used to measure lateral (X/Y) displacement as well as rotational shifts in the optical bench. In addition, the CAMS data can be used to enhance the quality of the hard X-ray images that will have been degraded by structural deformations. A description of the CAMS hardware and the relevant data processing algorithms are provided.
The Hard X-ray Telescopes on Astro-H have a 12-meter focal length. In order to achieve this long focal length and still fit compactly in the H-IIA launch fairing, the detectors are mounted at the end of an extendable optical bench that will be deployed in orbit. Once in operations, the spacecraft will experience distortions primarily due to thermal fluctuations in low-earth orbit and it is important that thte misalignment between the telescopes and instruments is accurately measured. The Canadian Astro-H Metrology System (CAMS) is a laser alignment system that will measure optical alignment deviations. The CAMS is compact, consumes little power, and is stable over a wide temperature range. The system will be used to measure lateral (X/Y) displacement as well as rotational shifts in the optical bench. In addition, the CAMS data can be used to enhance the quality of the hard X-ray images that will have been degraded by the deviations.
The joint JAXA/NASA ASTRO-H mission is the sixth in a series of highly successful X-ray missions initiated
by the Institute of Space and Astronautical Science (ISAS). ASTRO-H will investigate the physics of the highenergy
universe via a suite of four instruments, covering a very wide energy range, from 0.3 keV to 600 keV.
These instruments include a high-resolution, high-throughput spectrometer sensitive over 0.3–12 keV with
high spectral resolution of ΔE ≦ 7 eV, enabled by a micro-calorimeter array located in the focal plane of
thin-foil X-ray optics; hard X-ray imaging spectrometers covering 5–80 keV, located in the focal plane of
multilayer-coated, focusing hard X-ray mirrors; a wide-field imaging spectrometer sensitive over 0.4–12 keV,
with an X-ray CCD camera in the focal plane of a soft X-ray telescope; and a non-focusing Compton-camera
type soft gamma-ray detector, sensitive in the 40–600 keV band. The simultaneous broad bandpass, coupled
with high spectral resolution, will enable the pursuit of a wide variety of important science themes.
This paper presents the results of the technology demonstration of a short distance free-space optical (FSO)
communication link with 2.5 Gbps data rate. Each terminal consists of a gimbaled telescope, an acquisition and coarse
tracking CCD and digital control system, a fine tracking system, a fiber-optic interface, transceivers, beacon lasers, and a
bit error test set. Two different fine-tracking subsystems were set-up on these two terminals: the first one is based on a
micro mechanical steering mirror developed at NICT, Japan; while the second is based on liquid crystal (nonlinear
spatial light modulation mechanism), developed at CSA, Canada. Performance of the two systems, their compatibility
and the future work are discussed.
Optical free-space communications involving moving parties require precise beam pointing and mutual tracking of communicating transceivers. The existing variety of tracking techniques is still the major limiting factor in free-space laser communications. Here we propose a technique for optical beam tracking that utilizes nonlinear optical properties of materials. In our proof-of-concept experiment, a thin layer of a nematic liquid crystal (NLC) with high thermal nonlinearity was used to produce a thermal lens induced by the incoming optical beam. That beam modulated the NLC refractive index. As the transmitted optical beam passed through the same layer, the beam intensity was modulated in the far field. A sharp intensity maximum was formed at the distant communicating party position. This tracking capability has been demonstrated for angular disturbances at a subkilohertz frequency. This tracking mechanism also offers adaptive capability of compensation of strong aberrations. Such compensation has been demonstrated experimentally; numerical modeling performed with the Fresnel integral technique showed very good agreement with the experiment.
KEYWORDS: LIDAR, Vegetation, 3D modeling, Solar radiation models, Instrument modeling, Transmittance, Atmospheric propagation, Optical filters, Sensors, Signal to noise ratio
Structural and biophysical parameters of vegetation canopies, such as tree heights, biomass, vertical and horizontal
heterogeneity are important factors affecting flows of energy, water, carbon and trace gases through terrestrial systems.
Knowing such parameters is required to model processes associated with photosynthesis, energy transfer, and
evapotranspiration at local and global scales. Monitoring vegetation canopies has long been one of the main tasks of
several proposed and launched space missions. Lidar instruments have demonstrated the best potential to provide
estimates of vegetation height, cover, and canopy vertical structural profiles. A spaceborne lidar would deliver such data
on global scale producing the total land biomass value with the accuracy demanded by carbon-cycle and global-change
modelers.
This paper presents the preliminary results of a numerical model simulating signal returns of a spaceborne lidar for the
assessment of land-vegetation canopy biomass. It is a part of work with the overall purpose to develop a trade-off
analysis tool for a spaceborne lidar system as a payload of a land-vegetation observation space mission. An end-to-end
propagation of a spaceborne lidar sensing pulse through vegetation canopies is considered by the model. It consists of
the modules characterizing the laser and the receiver optical systems, satellite's orbit, atmosphere, vegetation canopies,
optical filtering, and detectors. This tool can be used to evaluate the effects of instrument configurations on the retrieval
of vegetation structures, and to carry out trade-off studies in the instrument design.
Optical free-space communications involving moving parties require precise beam pointing and mutual tracking of
communicating transceivers. The existing variety of tracking techniques is still the major limiting factor in free-space
laser communications. Here we propose a technique for optical beam tracking and shaping that utilize nonlinear optical
properties of materials. In our proof-of-concept experiment a thin layer of a nematic liquid crystal (NLC) with high
thermal nonlinearity was used to produce a thermal lens induced by the incoming optical beam. That beam modulated
the NLC refractive index. As the transmitted optical beam passed through the same layer the beam intensity was
modulated in the far field. A sharp intensity maximum was formed at the distant communicating party position proving
the device's tracking capability. Numerical modeling showed very good agreement with the experiment. The technique
offers - many advantages and is simple to implement.
Double phase conjugation (DPC) of two nearly opposite light waves has been theoretically and experimentally studied in a nematic liquid crystal with thermal optical nonlinearity. A model for wave coupling in the material with thermal nonlinearity has been analyzed for the DPC threshold conditions. DPC of two mutually incoherent laser beams has been demonstrated in a nematic liquid crystal (NLC) multilayer structure in good agreement with the model. An all-optical beam tracker consisting of such a structure has been built and demonstrated to compensate for beam/reflector jitter.
High-speed free-space communications have been increasingly studied for applications ranging from short-distance ground-to-ground transmissions to inter-spacecraft links. Optical communications involving moving parties, especially at extra-long distances, require precise beam pointing and mutual tracking of communicating transceivers. The design concept and preliminary test results of a free-space communicator incorporating novel nonlinear optical tracking subsystem are presented. The development goal is to demonstrate a cost-effective terminal for Gbps optical links at a distance of up to 5 km. The tracking system consists of three subsystems: the coarse tracker (a 10.5 cm-diameter motorized Maksutov telescope); the electro-optical tracker (a voice-coil and a Si-based position detector); and the nonlinear optical fine tracker (a nonlinear cell with an IR-sensitive liquid crystal). Three-stage tracking allows for link budget improvement and maintaining a microradian pointing precision.
We report the concept and preliminary test results of development of a three-stage beam tracking system for demonstration of a Gbps free-space laser communicator. The development goal has been high-speed optical inter-satellite communications. The tracking system consists of three sub-systems: the coarse tracker (a 10.5 cm-diameter motorized Maksutov telescope with acquisition sensor); the intermediate electro-optical tracker (a voice-coil and a Si-based position detector), and the nonlinear optical fine tracker (a nonlinear cell with a liquid crystal). Three-stage tracking allows for efficient compensation of jitter of up to kHz while maintaining a sub-microradian pointing precision. A combination of the tracking system with a signal feed / modulation unit has been designed to demonstrate a 2.5-10 Gbps-level performance at distances of about 5-7 km.
The paper presents the results of experimental study of an optical-beam tracking concept involving two systems based on different principles. One is all-optical tracking, which utilizes a nonlinear optical material providing automatic fine-tracking feature. Another is traditional opto-mechanical technology using a quadrant avalanche detector, a voice coil-mirror actuator, control electronics, and computer interface. The possibility of establishing automatic mutual tracking between two communicating parties without involving computer-aided beam addressing has been experimentally proven. Capabilities and limitations of both systems are described. The all-optical system performs better than the traditional one when it tracking laser beam angular disturbances of magnitude of a few mrad and the jitter frequency is high (≥100 Hz). The traditional opto-mechanical system shows higher efficiency at lower jitter frequencies. A combination of an all-optical fine-tracking module and an opto-mechanical coarse tracking module is suggested for applications where using our originally proposed all-optical approach for both coarse and fine beam steering / tracking would be less efficient.
High bit-rate laser communications have been increasingly studied for applications ranging from short-distance transmissions to inter-spacecraft links. Optical communications involving moving parties require precise beam pointing and mutual tracking of communicating transceivers. Current approaches based on electro-mechanical beam steering are limited by the need for large volumes of beam-addressing computing and difficulties in providing automatic tracking/pointing capabilities to compensate for rapid changes in directivity patterns, transmitters’ relative misplacement and jitter [1].
An all-optical adaptive beam-tracking approach, proposed by some of the authors earlier, is based on the double phase conjugation effect (DPC) [2]. No mechanical steering, positioning or addressing computing are needed for fine tracking in such a bi-directional optical link. The approach efficiency strongly depends on non-linear properties of the used optical materials, which have been thoroughly studied [3].
This paper presents the results of theoretical analysis and further experimental studies of the DPC all-optical tracking technology. In the experiment, two optical terminals were linked with a modulated laser signal at a telecommunication wavelength. A DPC-mirror was a multi-layer liquid-crystal stack with a giant optical nonlinearity. The tracking and communication capabilities were simultaneously demonstrated in a range of angles, transmission rates and laser power levels. The experiment was in good agreement with the theoretical model.
REFERENCES
1. E Lerner, Laser Focus World 36 11 2000
2. A Dudelzak, A Kuzhelev, A Novikov, G Pasmanik, Patent Application 12346-US-Prov 2002
3. A Kuzhelev, A Dudelzak, J Opt A: Pure and App Opt 5 L5 2003
The study of thermally induced holographic gratings written in NLC by the laser beams at telecommunication wavelength of 1500 nm is presented. Thermally induced gratings are especially interesting as having at least one order of magnitude faster response time than orientational gratings. However, their formation in the range 1300-1600 nm is limited due to small absorption of NLCs and absence of effective doping. The formation of thermal grating in our cell is initiated by absorption in the cell walls coating. The tuning of liquid crystal temperature and orientational enhancement of thermal grating allowed us to reach 3% level of diffraction efficiency at low writing beams intensity (23 Wcm-2) and small thickness of material (0.02 mm). Holographic liquid crystal devices can be used in all-optical switching, beam routing, automatic wave front correction, phase conjugation etc.
The paper presents the results of a study of the spatial structure of Si-containing [poly(ethynediyl-arylene-ethynediyl-silylene)] composites in the nanometer scale, as well as of an optical study of photorefractive effects in the visible and near-infrared ranges in these composites. The compositions have been examined using transmission/diffraction electron microscopy. The results suggest the existence of an extraordinary self-organisation in conjugated silicon organometallic polymers (nano-structured layers with a spatial period of several nanometers and the length of more than 100 nm). The most probable mechanism of the structure formation is π-stacking of the aromatic groups with the poly(phenylsilsesquioxane) matrix as a template. The observed self-organisation is very important for the understanding of the infrared photorefractive effect in the organometallic polymer compositions. Two-wave mixings in the Raman-Nath and Bragg modes were used to study non-linear optical properties in the visible (632 nm) and near-infrared (1500 nm) spectral ranges. Both local and non-local types of refractive index gratings have been observed.
Novel unique organometallic nanomaterials with high nonlinearities of various types (nonresonant, resonant, photorefractive) have been prepared. Two main kinds of nanomaterials actualizing the different nonlinear-optical processes have been created: 1) polymeric photorefractive nanocomposites with very low glass transition temperatures (ca. 8 deg C) based on poly[ethynediyl-arylene-ethynediyl-silylene]s and sensitive in the visible (633 nm) and near-infrared region (1000-1500 nm) have been developed. The TEM investigations of the composite thin films have revealed self-oganized lamellar structures. The red shift of the absorption spectra and the appearance of a long absorption tail in the near IR region in the case of the films (unlike the solutions) confirm the essentially pi-stacking mechanism in the formation of the supramolecular assembly. The mechanism of self-organization into lamellar phases is discussed. 2) chromium-containing polymeric nanocomposites of high optical and mechanical quality have been prepared. They contain bis-arenechromium complexes covalently bonded to polyacrylonitrile macrochains. The conditions of film-casting give rise to the formation of conjugated polynaphthyridine-type structures inside the polymeric matrix as a result of cyclization of the acrylonitrile units. In addition, the TEM investigations of the films showed that nanosize particles (20-30 nm), containing chromium are formed in the material. These materials exhibit record Kerr-type cubic nonlinearities (chi3 = -2.5×10-10 esu) suggesting a pi-stacking mechanism giving rise to self-organized supramolecular structures. Our theoretical calculations show that the level of nonresonant optical nonlinearity should in principle allow actualizion of fast optical switching with speeds suitable for modern optical connection systems (100 Gbit/s).
A variety of novel materials has been synthesized including poly(ethynediyl-arylene-ethynediyl-silylene)s (PEAES) containing hypercoordinate silicon, and films of metal- containing polyacrylonitrile materials. The (chi) (3) properties in various matrices have been investigated by various techniques such as DFWM and Z-scan. The (chi) (3) values are outstandingly high; e.g. sol-gel films incorporating 5-14 mass percent PEAES show Re(chi) (3) equals 3-9 X 10-11 esu, and films of Cr-containing polyacrylonitrile materials synthesized by the polycyanoethylation reaction between acrylonitrile and Ar2Cr show (chi) (3) equals -2.5 X 10-10 esu.
Polymeric photorefractive materials have attracted much attention over the past decade due to their potential applications, especially for optical information processing. However, their practical use has until now been limited, the available photosensitizers being efficient only in the visible range. Here, the chemical development and optical investigations of a photorefractive polymeric material active at 1500 nm are described. To our knowledge, this is the first such material to be reported. A conjugated poly[(ethynediyl)(arylene)(ethynediyl)silylene] acts as both an optical chromophore, as well as charge generator and conductor. Its absorption band tails into the near-IR hence providing charge generation at the 1500 nm excitation. The photoconductivity of the composite samples was measured with a dc-method using a 1500 nm diode laser source. The electro-optical coefficient was measured with a simple reflection technique. The photorefractive response was investigated with a two-beam coupling technique. The gain of the probe beam intensity, delivered from the pumping beam, reached 40 cm-1 at the electric field strength of 650 kVcm-1 thus confirming the photorefractive nature of the grating. The gain exceeded the absorption (30 cm-1) that showed a good potential of this material for applications.
A high average power laser oscillator with a cavity completed by refractive index gratings that accompany population gratings induced in Nd:YAG laser crystals by generating beams themselves is investigated experimentally. The spatio-temporal self-adaptation of the cavity formed by nonlinear dynamic mirrors is studied. The possibility of compensating polarization distortions inside laser crystals is also investigated. The generation of beams with average power up to 250W, near-diffraction-limited divergence, and long coherence length is demonstrated.
We present the results of chemical development and optical investigation of the extraordinarily large photorefractive effect in the new polymer nanocomposites. The composites are composed of poly(ethynylene)arylenesilanes as optical chromophores, poly(9-vinylcarbazole) as photoconductor, N- ethylcarbazole and phenyltrimethoxysilane as plasticizer, and C70 and C60 fullerenes as charge generators. The magnitude of the change in photorefractive index and its origin, and temporal behavior were studied at 633 nm by a variety of nonlinear optical techniques, including nonlinear lens method, four-wave mixing and two-beam coupling. The relaxation time of the photorefractive index changed in a range from a few seconds to tens of minutes at changing beam intensity.
The third-order optical nonlinearities of new conjugated poly[(arylene)(ethynylene)silylene]s, and a variety of chromium, neodymium or cobalt complexes incorporated into polymeric matrices as thin sol-gel or polyacrylonitrile films have been determined by using a single beam Z-scan technique. The samples were pumped by a single ultrashort pulse of a mode-locked Nd-phosphate glass laser (wavelength 1054 nm) with a 5ps pulse duration (full width at half- maximum), the repetition rate of the Gaussian beam being low (0.3Hz) ro avoid thermal effects. The spot radius of the focused pulse was ca. 60micrometers , its beam waist being in the sample (intensity up to 4x1013 Wm-2). Calibration was done with chloroform and benzene, the value of N2 for the latter (2x10-12esu) being similar to that previously reported. A small-aperture Z-scan (S=0.03) was used to measure the magnitude and the sign of the nonlinear refractive index, n2. Very high nonlinear refractive indices were found for a film containing (a) a poly[(arylene)(ethynylene)silylene]s with pentacoordinated silicon (c 5 gl-1) in a sol-gel matrix (N2 = 6 x 10-13 cm2W-1), (b) a film containing a poly[(arylene)(ethynylene)silylene] with tetracoordinated silicon (c 0.5 gl-1) and a very small proportion of fullerene-C70 incorporated into an NH2-containing sol-gel matrix (n2 = 5x10-13 cm2W-1, and (c) a thin polyacrylonitrile film of polycyanoethylate bis-arenechromium(I) hydroxide (n2 = -5 x 10-12 cm(superscript 2W-1.
A high average power laser oscillator with a cavity completed by a nonlinear mirror formed by refractive index gratings which accompany population gratings induced in Nd:YAG laser crystals by generating beams themselves is investigated experimentally. The spatio-temporal self- adaptation of the cavity formed by nonlinear dynamic mirrors is studied. The generation of beams with average power up to 250W, near-diffraction-limited divergence and long coherence length is demonstrated.
The numerical and experimental investigation of a self- starting Nd:YAG laser oscillator with a cavity completed by population gratings induced in the laser crystal by generating beams themselves are reported. The spatio- temporal characteristics of the laser comprising three Nd:YAG amplifiers and a saturable absorber were investigated. The generation of single mode beam with an average power of as large as 100 W and high quality was achieved.
We report the experimental and numerical investigation of a self-starting Nd:YAG laser oscillator with cavity completed by population gratings which are induced in the laser crystal by generating beams themselves. The spatio-temporal characteristics of the laser including three Nd:YAG amplifiers and the saturable absorber (LiF:F2- or Cr4+:YAG) have been investigated. The laser oscillator with a nonlinear mirror has displayed self-adaptivity to strong thermally induced intracavity distortions. The generation of single mode beams with an average power of as large as 100 W and near-diffraction limited quality has been achieved.
THe laser oscillator with a cavity completed by the refractive index grating induced by generating beams in a nematic liquid crystal cell was studied experimentally and theoretically. It is shown that both the thermal and orientational nonlinearity of the liquid crystal can provide the holographic mirror formation and the self-starting condition in the laser oscillator. The self-starting laser with the nonlinear mirror demonstrates single-longitudinal- mode generation with good quality of the beam.
The third-order optical nonlinearity of a series of new conjugated silicon-ethynylene polymers, poly(aryleneethynylenesilylene)s, have been studied by using the degenerate four-wave mixing technique. The fast nonlinear optical susceptibilities of the polymers containing various groups were determined for the solutions in chloroform, tetrahydrofuran and toluene. The electronic and nuclear contributions of the (chi) (3 susceptibility and the thermal nonlinearity of the solutions were separated. The (chi) (3 susceptibility of the polymer containing tetracoordinate Ph2Si groups was found to be comparable with those of the best polymers.
We present a self-starting Nd:YAG laser-oscillator with cavity formed by refractive index gratings and gain gratings accompanying population gratings which are induced in the laser crystal by generating beams themselves. The spatio- temporal and spectral characteristics of the laser including two Nd:YAG-amplifiers, a saturable absorber and a Sagnac interferometer are investigated. The laser-oscillator with a nonlinear mirror has displayed self-adaptivity to strong thermally induced intracavity distortions. Generation of single mode beams with up to 60 W average power and near- diffraction limited quality has been achieved.
The repetitively pulsed Nd:YAG laser with dynamic cavity formed with participation of dynamic holographic gratings induced in Nd:YAG laser crystal and Li:F absorber has been investigated. The generation regimes and technological opportunities of this Nd:YAG laser were studied. High spatial brightness of radiation at diffraction limited divergence has allowed to carry out effective punching of calibrate holes in different materials with a diameter up to 15 micrometers and maximal depth up to 20 mm.
Q-switched regimes of the nanosecond pulse-periodic Nd:YAG laser with dynamic cavity formed with participation of dynamics holographic gratings in laser elements have been investigated. A Sagnac interferometer was applied as a laser cavity mirror for angular selection of initial radiation. As a passive Q-switch, we used saturable absorber crystal LiF:F2-, which increased total intracavity diffraction efficiency of dynamic gratings completing the cavity. Self-pumped phase conjugation in Nd:YAG amplifier and LiF:F2- absorber provided adaptive properties of the cavity. The peak power of generated beam with diffraction quality exceeded 17.5 MW and the average power achieved 50 W.
New principles of distributed feedback lasers with cavity formed by refractive index gratings induced in the laser crystal by generating beams themselves have been discussed. Different geometries of the cavity (linear, loop and multi- loop) with Nd:YAG crystal have been investigated experimentally. The oscillator with a nonlinear mirror has displayed self-adaptivity to strong intracavity distortions. Generation of single transverse mode beams with near- diffraction limited quality in millisecond pulse-repetitive regime with 12 W average power has been achieved in the oscillator with single Nd:YAG amplifier.
Self-pumped phase conjugation of the light beam in an inverted Nd:YAG-crystal with the different schemes of the feedback loop has been studied experimentally and theoretically. The quality of the phase conjugation of space heterogeneous beam, and the vibrational resistance for different polarizations of the input beam were investigated. The thresholds of parametric generation of the phase conjugated beam in the inverted media with real and imaginary parts of the nonlinear susceptibility are discussed.
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