We will present the concept of Ground Layer Adaptive Optics the Ritchie-Chrétien telescope Zeiss-2000 (F/8), operated at the Institute of Astronomy of the Russian Academy of Sciences. To correct the tip-tilt of the wavefront, we will use NGS. To do this, it is planned to place a separate tracking camera in the wide field of view of the telescope. To correct the slopes, we will use a deflector equipped with an electronic damping system, which allows us to stabilize the responses of the mirror surface. Rayleigh LGS will be used to correct atmospheric aberrations of higher orders. In order to expand the field of anisoplanatism, we plan to perform spatial modulation of the LGS signal in accordance with scientific goals. Synchronization of the spatial modulator and the Shaсk-Hartmann wavefront sensor with an electro-optical shutter will allow this to be done. The article presents options for the layout of the system, taking into account the preservation of the optical axis of the telescope for attachments.
Terahertz reflectometry technique is applied for noninvasive precorneal tear film assessment. The results of the receiver operating characteristic analysis show a good applicability of the proposed method. The direct comparison of the results obtained by reflectometry approach and results of Norn testing shows a good correlation. The in vivo measurement of the dynamic of tear film thinning could be useful for clinical diagnosis of dry eye syndrome.
Estimates of atmospheric turbulence parameters can be calculated on the basis of data, obtained with wave front
sensor. The method described is based on decomposition of phase fluctuations into Zernike series and analysis of
statistics of this decomposition coefficients. Estimates of turbulence outer scale L0 and refractive index structure
constant C2/n obtained in experiments with turbulence in water cell showed good agreement with previous results.
The development of affordable means to image the retina is an important step toward the implementation of eye disease
screening programs. In this paper we present the i-RxCam, a low-cost, hand-held, retinal camera for widespread
applications such as tele-retinal screening for eye diseases like diabetic retinopathy (DR), glaucoma, and age-related
ocular diseases. Existing portable retinal imagers do not meet the requirements of a low-cost camera with sufficient
technical capabilities (field of view, image quality, portability, battery power, and ease-of-use) to be distributed widely to
low volume clinics, such as the offices of single primary care physicians serving rural communities.
The i-RxCam uses a Nikon D3100 digital camera body. The camera has a CMOS sensor with 14.8 million pixels. We
use a 50mm focal lens that gives a retinal field of view of 45 degrees. The internal autofocus can compensate for about
2D (diopters) of focusing error. The light source is an LED produced by Philips with a linear emitting area that is
transformed using a light pipe to the optimal shape at the eye pupil, an annulus. To eliminate corneal reflex we use a
polarization technique in which the light passes through a nano-wire polarizer plate. This is a novel type of polarizer
featuring high polarization separation (contrast ratio of more than 1000) and very large acceptance angle (>45 degrees).
The i-RxCam approach will yield a significantly more economical retinal imaging device that would allow mass
screening of the at-risk population.
Researchers have sought to gain greater insight into the mechanisms of the retina and the optic disc at high spatial
resolutions that would enable the visualization of small structures such as photoreceptors and nerve fiber bundles. The
sources of retinal image quality degradation are aberrations within the human eye, which limit the achievable resolution
and the contrast of small image details. To overcome these fundamental limitations, researchers have been applying
adaptive optics (AO) techniques to correct for the aberrations. Today, deformable mirror based adaptive optics devices
have been developed to overcome the limitations of standard fundus cameras, but at prices that are typically unaffordable
for most clinics. In this paper we demonstrate a clinically viable fundus camera with auto-focus and astigmatism
correction that is easy to use and has improved resolution. We have shown that removal of low-order aberrations results
in significantly better resolution and quality images. Additionally, through the application of image restoration and
super-resolution techniques, the images present considerably improved quality. The improvements lead to enhanced
visualization of retinal structures associated with pathology.
Amorphous chalcogenide thin films are excellent materials for holographic recordings. AsSeS thin film coating is a
useful optical material for it's thickness to be easily corrected with the use of exposure to light and consecutive chemical
etching. Following properties allow to treat the surface of AsSeS chalcogenide films and to use them in adaptive optics
systems for correction of the optical wavefront. Hereby, we characterize AsSeS film properties to be used for correction
of optical aberrations of the human eye. The thickness of the film is characterized with the method of spectrodensitometry and the surface profile depth with a Hartman- Shack waveform analyzator.
We present the experimental implementation of ophthalmic diagnostic systems with adaptive optics compensation of
human eye aberration. The systems feature high speed operation and utilize deformable bimorph mirrors for wavefront
correction. The results of aberration measurements and correction are discussed.
The spatial resolution of retinal images is limited by the presence of static and time-varying aberrations present within the eye. An updated High Resolution Adaptive Optics Fundus Imager (HRAOFI) has been built based on the development from the first prototype unit. This entirely new unit was designed and fabricated to increase opto-mechanical integration and ease-of-use through a new user interface. Improved camera systems for the Shack-Hartmann sensor and for the scene image were implemented to enhance the image quality and the frequency of the Adaptive Optics (AO) control loop. An optimized illumination system that uses specific wavelength bands was applied to increase the specificity of the images. Sample images of clinical trials of retinas, taken with and without the system, are shown. Data on the performance of this system will be presented, demonstrating the ability to calculate near diffraction-limited images.
A new significantly redesigned version of clinically applicable adaptive optics multispectral fundus imager is presented. Along with greatly improve adaptive system loop rate, the device performs reliably and is convenient for use in clinical practice. This new imager has allowed us to use new approaches for retina image analysis and obtain original results on the distribution of aberrations in the human eye.
The spatial resolution of the retinal images cannot approach a diffraction limit due to the high-order aberrations of the human eye. We present a technique, which allows restoring fine details on the retinal images using information about OTF (optical transfer function) of the eye obtained by the Shack-Hartman wavefront sensor. The precision of wavefront measurements greatly enhanced by reference source scanning on the retina. A closed loop adaptive system based on the bimorph mirror suppresses low-order aberrations. The residual errors are removed by the image deconvolution. The finite depth of retina layers of the human eye significantly reduce resolution of color retinal images as far as it introduces additional defocusing depending on the wave- length of the reflecting light. We present a novel technique of color retinal image deconvolution. The key feature of the algorithm is in use of information on retina structure. This permits calculating of optical transfer functions for each of the retina layers. Significant improvement of image quality was obtained. The processing time was about a few dozens of seconds for contemporary PC computers and image size 2000*2000 pixels.
The capability of resolving fine details on retinal images plays a key role in early diagnostic of vision loss. Biochemical and morphological features, which may be present in the early stages of many retinal diseases, cannot be detected today with current funduscopic instruments because of the losses in spatial resolution introduced by the ocular medium and cornea. One of the ways of the solution of such a problem is to use the adaptive optical systems first for measuring phase distortions and then for its suppression. In our work we suggest the innovative approach that includes two stages of adaptive correction. On the first stage a Shack-Hartman wavefront sensor and modal flexible mirror is used for low-order aberration correction. On the second stage a computer post-processing, or deconvolution, of the residual aberrations is done using the information on the aberrations measured by the sensor. In our report we present the specific design of the Shack-Hartman wavefront sensor suitable for measurements of human eye aberrations. The characteristics of a modal bimorph corrector are discussed. The features of deconvolution technique are outlined.
Conventional adaptive systems, whose key elements are wavefront sensor and electro-mechanical wavefront corrector, face considerable difficulties, when high-order aberrations correction is required. The increase of number of adaptive mirror's control elements (up to several hundreds, recently) inevitably leads to the sophistication of the sensor for measuring the wavefront "fine structure" and to intensive computations at the stage of wavefront reconstruction. Therefore, new, controlling light by light, techniques, which do not violate the distributed nature of light wave, attract attention of researchers [1, 2, 3]. There are a number of optically controllable hybrid devices (for example, microchannel modulator [1], liquid crystal light valve (LCLV) [2], and membrane mirror [3]) that may be used for distributed wavefront correction. However, adequate control methods for such correctors should be developed.
The model of rotational instability of light field in 2_D feedback nonlinear optical systems is investigated. Typical theoretical and experimental results are presented.
Modern nonlinear and coherent optics provides a great variety of possibilities to create many types of spatially distributed neural network optical systems and uses them to simulate the collective behavior of dynamics systems with nonlocal interactions (e.g., analogs of advanced neural networks).' We can point out the following basic properties of these systems: — intrinsic N-shape nonlinearity (bistable or multistable optical response); — existence of the local excitation transfer mechanism (e.g., diffusion); — possible implementation of large scale (nonlocal) interactions; All these requirements can be fulfilled in nonlinear 2-D feedback optical systems: in various nonlinear resonators and interferometers.2 Complexity and variety of nonlinear dynamic modes (different selfoscillation and dissipative structures, optical turbulence) observed in neural network optical systems with the simplest nonlocal interconnectors promote the search for principal most important models of large scale interactions and corresponding nonlinear dynamic structures. One of these models is one-dimensional rotational instability occurring in a neural network system with rotated field.3 Rotating waves observed in this system have been analyzed in detail.4 Theoretical and experimental research of 2-D models of optical neural networks appears to be most interesting. Implementing any type of "pure" nonlocal interconnectors in an optical experiment is a rather complicated task. Optical aberrations and some other factors result in the fact that additional "spurious" interactions affecting dynamic structures being formed in the system seem to be superimposed on a given type of nonlocal interconnectors. The only possibility to examine multiple nonlinear structures corresponding to a certain type of large scale interactions appears to be a comparative analysis of optical and numerical experiments in which the interconnect topologies can be defined in a "pure" form. 2-D selfoscillation structures observed in a neural network with 2-D optical feedback and nonlocal interconnectors have been studied in this paper. The simplest types of topological transforms, i.e., lateral inversion and rotation, are realized in optical and numerical experiments.
International Conference on Lasers, Applications, and Technologies 2005: Laser Technologies for Environmental Monitoring and Ecological Applications, and Laser Technologies for Medicine
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