Confocal microscopy has been widely used to acquire optical sectioning fluorescent image. However, traditional confocal technique requires point-by-point scanning which is time consuming. Alternative techniques to confocal microscopy, such as structured illumination, exist for fast sectioning images, but they require multiple axial planes to be imaged individually. Here, a non-axial line-scanning multifocal confocal microscopy is presented. The proposed system incorporates multiplex volume holographic grating (MVHG) in illumination and combination of multifocal image system. The detailed explanation for resolution on depth axial and simulation results are compared. Also both XY resolution is verified through resolution target. The ability of the proposed system to optical sectioning and multi-depth resolve image of fluorescently labeled microsphere and cornea is experimentally demonstrated.
An approach to the spot-centroiding algorithm for the Shack–Hartmann wavefront sensor (SHWS) is presented. The SHWS has a common problem, in that while measuring high-order wavefront distortion, the spots may exceed each of the subapertures, which are used to restrict the displacement of spots. This artificial restriction may limit the dynamic range of the SHWS. When using the SHWS to measure adaptive optics or aspheric lenses, the accuracy of the traditional spot-centroiding algorithm may be uncertain because the spots leave or cross the confined area of the subapertures. The proposed algorithm combines the Hough transform with an artificial neural network, which requires no confined subapertures, to increase the dynamic range of the SHWS. This algorithm is then explored in comprehensive simulations and the results are compared with those of the existing algorithm.
For the optical resolution measurement, the Modulation Transfer Function (MTF) is widely applied. This
paper presents the RD result of our developed optical resolution measurement system with the slanted slit
method for small lenses. The MTF is built up by the Fourier's transformation of the Line-Spread Function
(LSF) that is acquired by analyzing the projected dark-bright image of the measured lens. In order to obtain a
smooth LSF, we propose a slanted slit method. And the slanted slit lets a part of the collimated light transmit
through the measured lens, and a dark-bright slit-image is projected on the CCD-camera. Through a proper
selection of the region of interest (ROI), a smooth LSF with dense sampled data can be formed by arranging
pixels according to their distances to the slanted slit. And these sampled data of the LSF can effectively
eliminate the aliasing effect and furthermore can accurately derive the MTF.
The influences of the angle of the slanted slit and the ROI-selection on the performance of this optical
resolution measurement system are thoroughly studied. The accuracy of its processing algorithm is
experimentally verified by using the statistic factors GRR and STD-error. Based on a calibrated lens, the
developed processing system and algorithm can achieve the industrial level with GRR of 27% and STDerror
of 8%.
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