KEYWORDS: Terahertz radiation, Near infrared, Spectroscopy, Near infrared spectroscopy, Chemical analysis, Chemical composition, Statistical analysis, Terahertz spectroscopy, Imaging systems, Analytical research
This study aimed to investigate the accuracy and reliability of near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy combined with terahertz (THz) spectroscopy for quantitative analysis of the chemical composition of food samples. Traditionally, NIR and THz spectroscopy have been used separately in food analysis. While NIR spectroscopy has advantages in terms of nondestructive and speed, THz spectroscopy is prized for its ability to penetrate deep into the sample, making it suitable for detecting internal quality. A detailed comparison of NIR and THz spectral data from commercially available biscuit and sunflower seed samples was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of the combined use of the two techniques in improving the accuracy of ingredient detection and to explore how to effectively integrate the two spectral data to maximize their benefits in food analysis. The experimental results showed that NIR spectra showed high prediction accuracy in biscuit samples but were relatively weak in sunflower seed samples. Considering the characteristics of THz spectroscopy and recent research progress, THz spectroscopy may provide more accurate predictions than NIR spectroscopy in the chemical composition of sunflower seed analysis. This study demonstrates a new food detection strategy and provides the food industry with an effective method to ensure the quality and safety of food for the public. It also provides new perspectives and tools for analyzing other materials and compounds.
Microwave vacuum drying (MVD) as a novel and advanced drying technology is wildly applied in the agri-food, pharmaceutical, and electronics industry, etc. However, achieving in-situ analyses of the realtime moisture content (MC) of products during MVD is still a huge challenge. This research aims to build an intelligent dehydration system by integrating a Terahertz time-domain spectroscopy (THz- TDS) into an MVD system to achieve in-situ monitoring of real-time moisture content (MC) in agrifood products. During dehydration, the THz-TDS continuality captured the spectra from a polyethene (PE) air hose containing the exhaust water vapor from the glass desiccator. Chemometric analysis of Gaussian process regression was applied to correlate the real-time MC loss of products with the corresponding numerical integration of THz absorption coefficients of vapor. The real-time MC content was accurately calculated based on the prediction. The result shows that the THz-TDS is able to sense the dynamic vapor changes within the MVD system by penetrating the PE air hose, and the established intelligent dehydration system combined with chemometric analyses achieved a satisfied MC loss and MC prediction, with R2 of 0.95 and 0.98, and RMSE of 0.002 and 0.031, respectively. The THz-TDS technique shows great potential to be integrated into an MVD system to achieve in-situ real-time MC evaluation, optimize dehydration condition, and predict the dehydration endpoint. The established intelligent dehydration system also provides a novel sensing strategy using THz-TDS to monitor the gas exchange within a closed system by penetrating a PE air hose in the system, and further widen the application of THz-TDS in the agri-food industry.
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the cutting method on the quality of the dried ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.) by NIR hyperspectral imaging and computer vision systems. The cutting method of ginger was done vertically (slices) and horizontally (splits). The mean spectra were extracted from the collected NIR hyperspectral images (950-1,655 nm) for individual ginger samples and the partial least squares regression (PLSR) was employed to establish the prediction models. Determination coefficient (R2) of PLSR models based on non-pretreatment spectra for predicting moisture contents and rehydration rates of ginger samples were 0.960 and 0.957, respectively. The prediction maps of ginger slices and splits showed the same dehydration and rehydration patterns, which the moisture contents and rehydration rates in center parts were higher than edges. However, the shrinkage rates of ginger slices were higher than splits, while rehydration rates of ginger splits were higher than slices.
Semiconductor materials are widely used in integrated circuit and are important material platform in the fabrication and development of different technologies. Their material properties, e.g. complex permittivity and permeability, must be accurately known when designing high frequency microwave and millimeter wave devices. The applications of terahertz (THz) waves is receiving considerable attention because of the many potential applications. In this paper we provide results of an initial study to characterize low resistance silicon. First a free-space measurement setup is used to measure the characteristics of four commercial silicon wafers. These differently doped silicon wafers have different resistivity, i.e. 10, 20, 30 & 40 Ω cm. The complex relative dielectric constant and the loss tangent of the four types of silicon are measured. Second, the absorption properties of the same samples are measured using a compact terahertz time domain spectrometer (THz-TDS). In both measurements the results show that the sample doped using Phosphorus has a higher loss (absorption) and lower permittivity in the THz range compared the three wafers doped with Boron. In the case of the three Boron doped samples the loss tangent was found to depend on the resistivity of the material.
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