In short-distance optical links, the development of driving circuits for vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) requires precise and computationally efficient VCSEL models. A small-signal model of a VCSEL is computationally efficient and simple to implement; however, it does not take into account the nonlinear output behavior of the VCSEL. In contrast, VCSEL models that are highly based on first principles cannot be implemented in standard circuit device simulators, because the simulation of eye diagrams becomes too time consuming. We present another approach using VCSEL models, which are based on the 1-D rate equations. Our analysis shows that they combine efficient extraction and short simulation time with an accurate calculation of eye diagrams over a wide range of ambient temperatures. As different implementations of the rate equations exist, tradeoffs between three different versions are presented and compared with measured GaAs oxide-confined VCSELs. The first model has a linear and the second a logarithmic function of the gain versus the carrier density. The third model considers the additional transport time for carriers to reach the active region with quantum wells. For parameter extraction, a minimum set of parameters is identified, which can be determined from fundamental measurements.
We are discussing design issues and measurement results for a new type of VCSEL based small form factor low cost optical front end (OFE). The optical interface of the OFE is a duplex LC receptacle. Mechanical, optical and electrical design restrictions are considered. High speed VCSEL biasing, the driver-VCSEL interface, influence of misalignment on RF performance, general requirements for serial 10Gb/s transceivers are main topics. Measurements of transmitter and receiver eye diagrams including a commercially available driver are presented.
High data-rate communication links are placing increasing demands on the performance and cost of semiconductor-laser diodes. Vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) are ideal light sources for 10 Gbit/s applications. At Avalon Photonics Ltd., high-performance multimode VCSELs and VCSEL arrays are developed and fabricated for applications in low-cost fiber-optic communication links. An overview of static and dynamic characteristics of oxide-confined 850 nm VCSELs with data rates of 10 Gbit/s is presented. These 10 Gbit/s VCSELs are developed for the next generation 10 Gigabit Ethernet standard. Results show low threshold, high temperature operation, high modulation efficiency, short rise and fall times, and well-open eye-diagrams at different temperatures. Transmission over 600 m high-bandwidth multimode fiber at 10 Gbit/s is demonstrated. Mainly due to their low noise level and high linearity, these state-of-the-art devices are also well suited for transparent fiber-optic links using subcarrier multiplexed modulation schemes. Spurious-free dynamic ranges greater than 100 dBHz2/3 are reported.
At Avalon Photonics Ltd. high-performance multimode VCSELs and VCSEL arrays are developed and fabricated for applications in low-cost fiber-optic communication links. We report on state-of-the-art oxide-confined 850 nm VCSELs for current-generation parallel optical link modules with data-rates up to 3.125 Gbit/s per channel. The high performance and high reliability of these devices is reviewed. Moreover, 10 Gbit/s VCSELs are developed for the next-generation 10-Gigabit Ethernet standard (10-GbE). Transmission over 600 m high-bandwidth multimode fiber at 10 Gbit/s is demonstrated. Mainly due to their low noise level and high linearity, these high-performance devices are also well suited for transparent fiber-optic links using subcarrier multiplexed modulation schemes in the low GHz range. Spurious-free dynamic ranges larger than 100 dBHz2/3 were measured, which is sufficient for important applications like cable television distribution and remote antenna addressing in mobile phone systems.
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