Remote sensing has been widely applied for soil moisture estimation. However, such estimates become difficult to obtain and can be inaccurate when applied to complex earth surfaces with more than one soil type because of the interference of spectral signals from different soil components. This study aims to develop a moisture prediction method that is insensitive to soil types; this is based on in situ samples collected from an intertidal zone in Jiangsu Province in China and on laboratory measurements of soil spectra. The results demonstrate that for a reflectance-based method, moisture content is closely related to reflectance on the three wavebands centered at 2143, 1760, and 742 nm for four types of soil (sand, silty sand, sandy silt, and silt) considered separately; the relationship is not close if all soil types are mixed together (R 2 =0.77 ). To develop the desired model, a linear spectral mixture model (LSMM) was employed to extract parameter water abundance (Wa: information on soil water content) in advance, while eliminating redundant information from other soil components. Wa has a relatively higher correlation (R 2 =0.82 ) than reflectance with moisture content for a mixed soil type. Thus, employing the LSMM helps realize a practical water content estimation model for predicting moisture over complex earth surfaces, because it has the potential of eliminating spectral effects from soil components.
The traditional methods to derive sea ice concentration are mainly from low resolution microwave data, which is disadvantageous to meet the grid size requirement of high resolution climate models. In this paper, moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS)/Terra calibrated radiances Level-1B (MOD02HKM) data with 500 m resolution in the vicinity of the Abbot Ice Shelf, Antarctica, is unmixed, respectively, by two neural networks to extract the sea ice concentration. After two different neural network models and MODIS potential open water algorithm (MPA) are introduced, a MOD02HKM image is unmixed using these neural networks and sea ice concentration maps are derived. At the same time, sea ice concentration for the same area is extracted by MPA from MODIS/Terra sea ice extent (MOD29) data with 1 km resolution. Comparisons among sea ice concentration results of the three algorithms showed that a spectral unmixing method is suitable for the extraction of sea ice concentration with high resolution and the accuracy of radial basis function neural network is better than that of backpropagation.
The factors sensitive to suspended sediment concentration (SSC) with both strong correlation and evident physical
meaning are found step by step with the data collected from Sheyang River estuary. These factors combined by
reflectance of 605 nm, 715 nm and 810 nm which near the reflectance peaks of turbid water have strong correlations
with SSC. The results of the model established by the factor R605xR715/( R605-R810) were consistent well with real
distribution laws of SSC and its relative accuracy arrived over 65%. It shows the advantage of hyperspectral sensors on
monitoring SSC in offshore area.
Quantitative analysis of the temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of coastal nutrient substances enables to
adequately estimate the state of coastal marine environment and describe environmental change processes conditioned by
anthropogenic forces. Remote sensing has the potential to provide synoptic information and has been somewhat
successful in monitoring nutrient properties at rivers and estuaries. So taking total inorganic nitrogen (TIN) as typical
nutrient monitoring index, Sheyang River estuary located in middle part of Jiangsu coastline, China was chosen for water
quality simulation and variation trend analysis. Six correlation coefficient matrixes were calculated by using
synchronous TIN concentration and its corresponding normalized water surface reflectance data from 15 field samples.
Results showed that band combination of 804 and 630nm with the form of pseudo-sediment parameter could get the best
correlation capacity and minimized reversion error. Based on this selected parameter, an inverse model was built for TIN
quantitative reversion. R2 coefficients reached 0.97 and 0.9972 in calibration and validation period respectively. And
then the spatial distribution pattern of TIN in Sheyanghe River estuary was obtained using the inverse model via
Hyperion hyperspectral remote sensing image. A coupled wave-tide-surge model and material transport and diffusion
model were adopted for TIN concentration cross validation of the reversion precision exactly at river outlet. Comparison
results indicated that these two dataset made a good consistency for TIN diffusive characters in Sheyang River estuary
with the R2 reached 0.6549. The magnitude of TIN concentration was also agreed fairly well.
Accurate atmospheric correction is an important and essential process in ocean color remote sensing because the
influence of atmosphere account for the main part of signals received by sensors. Traditional methods usually depend on
in-situ measured parameters of atmosphere and could not be applied in operational system. In this paper, MODIS
products synchronize with Beijing-1 micro-satellite image were used to extract the parameters of atmosphere. we chose
a marine space of clean water far away from the coast in MODIS image and used the products include MOD02, MOD03
and MOD07 to calculate the aerosol radiance of near-infrared bands of MODIS which were used to extrapolate the
aerosol radiances of each band of Beijing-1 micro-satellite. Brought the results into radioactive transfer equation and
fulfilled atmosphere correction. We found this method can enhanced the detail information of water body, especially to
case 2 water. We compared the correction results with original image and the results from 6S model; its effect was
consistent well with real conditions and better than 6S model. All these indicated that this method is feasible to
atmospheric correction of turbid coastal waters and expands the application of multi-spectral sensors in ocean color
remote sensing.
Mapping surface sediment types is particularly challenging in muddy intertidal flat area due to muddy characteristics and
tidal fluctuation. With the combination of Hyperion hyperspectral image and field survey data, two regression based
image interpretation methods, namely characteristic band method (CBM) and band differential method (BDM), were
used for sediment type classification and mapping. It was found that under low tidal level there was a strong correlation
between surface sediment reflectance and its sand, silt and clay contents in shortwave infrared band. For 2102nm
wavelength, the correlation coefficient by former method reached -0.8954, 0.9070 and 0.6547 respectively while the
latter method had a relatively lower correlation capability. So choosing this band as the characteristic band, three linear
regression models were constructed and the sand, silt and clay contents were quantitatively inversed from their
corresponding reflectance values. A linear equilibrium corrective method was then applied to some "bad" pixels for
inversed contents amendment due to regression model's linear transforming limitation. Based on these corrected
component contents, Shepard triangular classification method was adopted and the sediment types for the whole
intertidal flat were automatically obtained with a high interpretation precision of 87.9%. Results showed that the
hyperspectral remote sensing reversion method could be well utilized for dynamic monitoring and analyzing of the
depositional environment changes in muddy intertidal flat region.
With the advantage of image-spectrum integration and quantitative analysis, space-borne hyperspectral remote sensing
technique was increasingly applied in ground object identification and information extraction at coastal region to solve
the difficulty for field observation and sampling. In order to deeply excavate the embedded spectral information for
different features in coastal area, the preprocessing process of hyperspectral image was essential and necessary. So taking
Hyperion hyperspectral image as example dataset, the objective of this article is to study and build a doable flowchart for
Hyperion image preprocessing to get the reflectance image of coastal region for further study and use. The processes
include: (1) bad lines fixing; (2) vertical stripes removing; (3) atmospheric correction; (4) geometric correction and (5)
tidal flat area separation from vegetation and water body. Related algorithms and parameters were also discussed in
detail.
Red tides have been increasingly observed in the gulf of Haizhou and considered a serious environmental problem from
the beginning of the new century. Eutrophication of water is an important reason of red tide occurrence. This paper used
the observation data of the concentration of dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) and dissolved inorganic phosphorus
(DIP) in Haizhou Gulf from 2004 to 2006 and selected synchronous MODIS Terra 1B data with 500m spatial resolution
in this period of time. We established factors with single band and multi-bands, and then calculated the correlation of
each factor with DIN concentration, DIP concentration, and their logarithm respectively. The factors with stronger
correlation were used to establish regression models of DIN and DIP's concentration. After comparing these models, we
chose the linear model of DIN concentration established by factor ) 4, 3 ( 11 F and inverse model of the logarithm of DIP
concentration established by factor ) 5, 6 ( 7 F as their final regression model. The relative accuracy of DIN concentration
model achieved about 70%; the retrieving results of DIN concentration were consistent well with real conditions. The
relative accuracy of the logarithm of DIP concentration achieved about 90%. The results prove the feasibility of
monitoring DIN concentration and the exponential order of DIP concentration in offshore of Jiangsu Province.
The objective of this study is to improve and modify the evapotranspiration module designed with Penman-Monteith (PM) approach embedded in SWAT2000 distributed hydrological model so as to improve the precision of evapotranspiration (ET) estimation in hydrological process simulation. For PM approach in SWAT2000 ET0 simulation, some of its daily parameters such as air pressure, albedo and soil heat flux were simplified, for overcoming this shortcoming, an improved Weather Generator (WGEN) were proposed. By means of the observed and WGEN simulated meteorological parameters, systematic study on the ET estimations with PM approach for arid, semi-arid Heihe River Basin and humid, precipitation-rich Hanjiang River Basin was conducted. It was found that the computed ET with PM approach fairly correlates with the field observed ones, but biased to be a little lower in quantity than the observed ones. Further study indicated a strong linear function between the slope of the linear function and the elevation of the station, which lead us to correct the PM approach yielded result with the elevation of the study plot. Consequently, the modified PM approach with improved WGEN was applied to the estimation of ET for the area where observed meteorological data were absent or missing. In annual time scale the relative error between simulated observed ET was found less than 3% and 20% respectively in both monthly time scale and annual totals, which suggested the reliability of the modifications for both WGEN and PM ET0 module in hydrological process studies. But in daily time scale, further improvements are required.
Water yielding in the hydrologic cycle is a temporally and spatially varied process. However, water yielding mechanics expressed in hydrological simulations seldom accurately characterize such dynamic processes thus weakens the simulation capabilities of present hydrological modeling systems. In this study a conceptual distributed hydrological model entitled ESSI (infiltration Excess and Saturation excess Soil-water Integration model for hydrology) was developed for flooding simulation and long term water resource management studies by means of RS, GIS and data mining techniques. This distributed hydrological modeling system has three significant characteristics: 1) capable of determining temporally and spatially varied water yielding mechanics over the most basic simulated grid by comparing with real-time computed rainfall and soil water variables; 2) excellent weather adoptability to ensure the model perform excellently for either wet and dry watershed conditions; 3) fully distributed simulating capabilities enable the model output about 20 distributed hydrological process components in different time scales, i.e. evapotranspiration (potential and actual), canopy storage, and soil moisture contents in different soil depth etc. Calibration and validation of the modeling system was conducted on two carefully selected climatologically typical watersheds in China, one located in the typical humid climate condition of upper stream of the Hanjiang river Basin, gauged by the Jiangkou hydrometric station (drainage area: 2413 km2), and another the Yingluoxia watershed (drainage area: 10029 km2), situated in typical cold and arid Heihe Mountainous region. With the calibrated model parameters and the appropriate combination of hydrological simulating module, ESSI successfully reproduced the flooding events and long term hydrological processes for the both experiment watershed, which implies the model an excellent hydrological simulation tool under various weather conditions.
Access to the requested content is limited to institutions that have purchased or subscribe to SPIE eBooks.
You are receiving this notice because your organization may not have SPIE eBooks access.*
*Shibboleth/Open Athens users─please
sign in
to access your institution's subscriptions.
To obtain this item, you may purchase the complete book in print or electronic format on
SPIE.org.
INSTITUTIONAL Select your institution to access the SPIE Digital Library.
PERSONAL Sign in with your SPIE account to access your personal subscriptions or to use specific features such as save to my library, sign up for alerts, save searches, etc.