In this paper,the liquid-based scattering microspheres phantom is studied, in order to evaluate the resolution of optical coherence tomography (OCT) equipment. By mixing pure water and polystyrene (PS) microspheres in proportion to fabricate solutions of different concentrations. The disadvantages of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) substrates are overcame, such as complex production process, microbubbles, uneven distribution or clustering of microspheres, easy tearing, and relatively low imaging contrast. The encapsulated liquid-based scattering microspheres phantom is characterized by optical microscopy, which shows that the microspheres are uniformly distributed without clustering. It can effectively improve the accuracy of resolution evaluation of OCT equipment. At the same time, the automatic identification, averaging and fitting of microspheres in OCT test images are realized by programming, and the evaluation results of lateral and axial resolutions are given automatically. Finally, the liquid-based evaluation phantom is validated by testing the resolutions of a commercial OCT equipment.
The invention of optical coherence tomography (OCT) provided a noninvasive high-resolution three-dimensional imaging technique for the visualization of the retina. To date, OCT has become the standard of care for daily ophthalmic clinical practice, especially for the posterior segment examination. Lateral resolution determines the smallest features that can be resolved by an OCT system on the lateral dimension and it is one of the most important parameters for OCT imaging quality evaluation. Therefore, the standardized testing device and method for OCT lateral resolution evaluation have become critical to certify its imaging and diagnosis quality. As a widely applied standard, ISO 16971:2015 published by the International Organization for Standardization specifies a test device and test method for the lateral resolution evaluation for OCT for the posterior segment of the human eye. In this work, we implemented the testing device and method described in ISO 16971:2015 with a commercial ophthalmic OCT instrument and evaluated its performance in lateral resolution measurement. Results show that the test device and method could provide a quick and coarse evaluation of the lateral resolution. There are improvements to be made so that the measurement can be more accurate, reliable, and consistent for manufacturers, users, and regulatory authorities to implement.
In this paper, a set of geometric parameters metrology system for contact lens based on SD-OCT (Spectral domain-optical coherence tomography) is developed and optimized, which can dealing with difficulties in measuring geometric parameters of contact lens, especially those with complex structures and surface shapes. Dispersion compensation, SNR(Signal-to-noise ratio) improvement and error compensation are introduced to improve the measurement accuracy. What’s more, the developed system is calibrated according to JJF 1148-2006. After calibration, the system meets the following indicators: test range of diameter: 8 mm-16 mm, indication error: ±50 μm; test range of center thickness: 0mm-1 mm, indication error: ±5 μm; test range of curvature radius: 6.5 mm-9.5 mm, indication error: ±20μm, repeatability of measurement: 10 μm. In addition, key parameters of a rigid contact lens with complex structure are measured, including diameter, vector height and center thickness, which can be recognized and measured automatically.
In recent years, sinusoidal Siemens stars have been widely used as a method of measuring spatial frequency response (SFR). Previous researches pointed out that incorrect recognition of the Siemens star center could result in errors in SFR measurement, and these errors are more significant at high frequencies. To reduce the errors, this paper proposed two methods to correct the center of Siemens star. By calibrating various Siemens star centers with the proposed methods, it is found that both the two methods are highly consistent, with a difference of no more than 2 pixels.
Refractive index is one of the most important physical parameters of the materials. Owe to its great influence on the working characteristics of an optical systems, high accuracy measurement is required. Many methods have been proposed such as the v-prism method, the minimum deviation angle method, and the interferometric method. However, for the restriction of the principle, the shape of the sample is required to be a parallel plate or a prism with a specific shape. The sample with only spherical or aspheric surfaces cannot be tested. In this paper, an improved Brewster method is proposed to measure the refractive index of optical materials with arbitrary shapes. Brewster law can be expressed as that the reflectivity of the P-polarized light approaches zero when it is incident in the Brewster angle, which is the inverse trigonometric value of the refractive index. In the original method, a parallel laser beam with P polarization is incident on the sample, and reflected by it to a photodiode to get the intensity. The minimum intensity position corresponding to Brewster angle can be found by changing the incident angle. The reflecting surface of the sample need to be planar to provide smooth reflective area with a size greater than the beam diameter. In the improved method, a laser probe focusing on the sample and an array detector are used instead of the parallel beam and the photodiode. The minimum intensity position can be found with image processing technology. Since the laser beam is focused on the sample, only a tiny area with a size of 10 microns for reflection is needed. Thus, whatever the shape of the sample is, the method can be used. In order to demonstrate the feasibility, samples with different shapes such as a prism, a parallel plate and a lens was tested, and the accuracy of the results could all reach the order of magnitude of 10-3.
Two-step phase-shifting sectioning structured light illumination microscopy (TSSIM) that reconstructs a three-dimensional structure using Fourier transform is proposed. Undesirable background signals corresponding to out-of-focus signals are eliminated using this method. Since there is no restriction for accurate phase shifts, this method does not suffer from large retrieval errors, unlike conventional sectioning structured illumination wide-field fluorescence microscopy (SSIWM). It can be used directly without modifying the conventional SSIWM microscope setup employing two of the three captured images, and can be applied to both shape measurements and biological observation. Less exposure time is required; thus, photobleaching and phototoxicity in biological observation are reduced. Further, the impact of the phase-shift difference on the signal-to-noise ratio of reconstruction image is analyzed. Both simulations and experiments are presented to show the validity of the proposed method.
Raman spectrometers are usually calibrated periodically to ensure their measurement accuracy of Raman shift. A combination of a piece of monocrystalline silicon chip and a low pressure discharge lamp is proposed as a candidate for the reference standard of Raman shift. A high precision calibration technique is developed to accurately determine the standard value of the silicon's Raman shift around 520cm-1. The technique is described and illustrated by measuring a piece of silicon chip against three atomic spectral lines of a neon lamp. A commercial Raman spectrometer is employed and its error characteristics of Raman shift are investigated. Error sources are evaluated based on theoretical analysis and experiments, including the sample factor, the instrumental factor, the laser factor and random factors. Experimental results show that the expanded uncertainty of the silicon's Raman shift around 520cm-1 can acheive 0.3 cm-1 (k=2), which is more accurate than most of currently used reference materials. The results are validated by comparison measurement between three Raman spectrometers. It is proved that the technique can remarkably enhance the accuracy of Raman shift, making it possible to use the silicon and the lamp to calibrate Raman spectrometers.
A phoropter is one of the most popular ophthalmic instruments used in optometry and the back vertex power (BVP) is
one of the most important parameters to evaluate the refraction characteristics of a phoropter. In this paper, a new laser
differential confocal vertex-power measurement method which takes advantage of outstanding focusing ability of laser
differential confocal (LDC) system is proposed for measuring the BVP of phoropters. A vertex power measurement
system is built up. Experimental results are presented and some influence factor is analyzed. It is demonstrated that the
method based on LDC technique has higher measurement precision and stronger environmental anti-interference
capability compared to existing methods. Theoretical analysis and experimental results indicate that the measurement
error of the method is about 0.02m-1.
High accuracy radius of curvature (ROC) measurement of optical surfaces is usually realized by techniques such as
autocollimation, interferometry and profilometry, with theoretical accuracy as high as 10-6. In practical application,
significant discrepancy may exist in results obtained by different methods owing to figure error of measured surfaces. In
this paper, mathematical models are built up to characterize the relationship between the ROC and the figure error as
well as the aperture angle. Based on the models, equations for calculating the ROC accuracy are derived and tested on
several ROC measuring methods. Experiments are carried out on a set of high quality spheres whose diameters are from
11mm to 93mm and roundness is from 0.03μm to 0.07μm, measured by instruments with top level accuracy, which are a
length measuring machine, a profilometer and a homemade differential confocal system. Uncertainties are calculated and
analyzed against several factors. The reason for the discrepancy between different methods is explained. An approach is
also proposed which could reduce the uncertainty of ROC by 1~2 scales, making it possible to trace the results of ROC
measuring instruments to the primary standard of length via diameter and roundness measurement method.
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