Scientific consensus from a 2015 pre-Decadal Survey workshop highlighted the essential need for a wide-swath (mapping) low earth orbit (LEO) instrument delivering carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and carbon monoxide (CO) measurements with global coverage. OCO-2 pioneered space-based CO2 remote sensing, but lacks the CH4, CO and mapping capabilities required for an improved understanding of the global carbon cycle. The Carbon Balance Observatory (CARBO) advances key technologies to enable high-performance, cost-effective solutions for a space-based carbon-climate observing system. CARBO is a compact, modular, 15-30° field of view spectrometer that delivers high-precision CO2, CH4, CO and solar induced chlorophyll fluorescence (SIF) data with weekly global coverage from LEO. CARBO employs innovative immersion grating technologies to achieve diffraction-limited performance with OCO-like spatial (2x2 km2) and spectral (λ/Δλ ≈ 20,000) resolution in a package that is >50% smaller, lighter and more cost-effective. CARBO delivers a 25- to 50-fold increase in spatial coverage compared to OCO-2 with no loss of detection sensitivity. Individual CARBO modules weigh < 20 kg, opening diverse new space-based platform opportunities.
KEYWORDS: Adaptive optics, Laser communications, Telecommunications, Relays, Space telescopes, Digital signal processing, Information operations, Telescopes, Cameras, Satellites
The Laser Communication Relay Demonstration is NASA’s multi-year demonstration of laser communication to a geosynchronous satellite. We are currently assembling the optical system for the first of the two baseline ground stations. The optical system consists of an adaptive optics system, the transmit system and a camera for target acquisition. The adaptive optics system is responsible for compensating the downlink beam for atmospheric turbulence and coupling it into the modem’s single mode fiber. The adaptive optics system is a woofer/tweeter design, with one deformable mirror correcting for low spatial frequencies with large amplitude and a second deformable mirror correcting for high spatial frequencies with small amplitude. The system uses a Shack- Hartmann wavefront sensor. The transmit system relays four beacon beams and one communication laser to the telescope for propagation to the space terminal. Both the uplink and downlink beams are centered at 1.55 microns. We present an overview of the design of the system as well as performance predictions including time series of coupling efficiency and expected uplink beam quality.
KEYWORDS: LIDAR, Mars, Pulsed laser operation, Sensors, Staring arrays, Receivers, Distance measurement, Monte Carlo methods, 3D acquisition, Laser energy
Future planetary and lunar landers can benefit from a hazard detection (HD) system that employs a lidar to create a highresolution
3D terrain map in the vicinity of the landing site and an onboard computer to process the lidar data and
identify the safest landing site within the surveyed area. A divert maneuver would then be executed to land in this safe
site. An HD system enables landing in regions with a relatively high hazard abundance that would otherwise be
considered unacceptably risky, but are of high interest to the scientific community. A key component of a HD system is
a lidar with the ability to generate a 3D terrain image with the required range precision in the prescribed time and fits
within the project resource constraints. In this paper, we present the results obtained during performance testing of a
prototype "GoldenEye" 3D flash lidar developed by ASC, Inc. The testing was performed at JPL with the lidar and the
targets separated by 200 m. The analysis of the lidar performance obtained for different target types and albedos, pulse
energies, and fields of view is presented and compared to key HD lidar requirements identified for the Mars 2018 lander.
The Jet Propulsion Laboratory Carbon Dioxide Laser Absorption Spectrometer (CO2LAS) utilizes Integrated Path
Differential Absorption (IPDA) at 2.05 μm to obtain CO2 column mixing ratios weighted heavily in the boundary layer.
CO2LAS employs a coherent detection receiver and continuous-wave Th:Ho:YLF laser transmitters with output powers
around 100 milliwatts. An offset frequency-locking scheme coupled to an absolute frequency reference enables the
frequencies of the online and offline lasers to be held to within 200 kHz of desired values. We describe results from
2009 field campaigns when CO2LAS flew on the Twin Otter. We also describe spectroscopic studies aimed at
uncovering potential biases in lidar CO2 retrievals at 2.05 μm.
We have designed and built a hollow-core fiber frequency reference cell, filled it with CO2, and used it to demonstrate
frequency stabilization of a 2.05 μm Tm:Ho:YLF laser using frequency modulation (FM) spectroscopy technique. The
frequency reference cell is housed in a compact and robust hermetic package that contains a several meter long hollow-core
photonic crystal fiber optically coupled to index-guiding fibers with a fusion splice on one end and a mechanical
splice on the other end. The package has connectorized fiber pigtails and a valve used to evacuate, refill it, or adjust the
gas pressure. We have demonstrated laser frequency standard deviation decreasing from >450MHz (free-running) to
<2.4MHz (stabilized).
The 2.05 μm laser wavelength is of particular interest for spectroscopic instruments due to the presence of many CO2
and H20 absorption lines in its vicinity. To our knowledge, this is the first reported demonstration of laser frequency
stabilization at this wavelength using a hollow-core fiber reference cell. This approach enables all-fiber implementation
of the optical portion of laser frequency stabilization system, thus making it dramatically more lightweight, compact, and
robust than the traditional free-space version that utilizes glass or metal gas cells. It can also provide much longer
interaction length of light with gas and does not require any alignment. The demonstrated frequency reference cell is
particularly attractive for use in aircraft and space coherent lidar instruments for measuring atmospheric CO2 profile.
Semiconductor lasers emitting at 1.55 microns are the cornerstone of the high bandwidth optical communications industry. Semiconductor lasers operating at this and other wavelengths are also used in the engineering, biology, chemistry and medical fields. The light emission in most semiconductor lasers is due to the optical transition between the valence and conduction bands of the semiconductor active material. This means that the intrinsic properties of the semiconductor active material i.e., the bandgap energy dictates the emission wavelength. This limits the efficient operation of these lasers at wavelengths above 3 microns. In the mid 1990s this limitation was overcome with the emergence of new laser architectures, such as the intersubband and interband Quantum Cascade (QC) lasers. The emission wavelength in these QC lasers is set by engineering the bandgap to extend the accessible spectral range well beyond 3 microns. Optical radiation from intersubband QC lasers is emitted by electrons undergoing an optical transition between the quantized energy levels in the conduction band rather than by direct transition from the conduction to the valence bands as in conventional semiconductor lasers. Quantum engineering of the electronic energy levels has enabled demonstration of intersubband QC lasers covering a very wide spectral range from 3.5 to 150 microns (except for a window for the Reststrahlen gap). Despite rapid and tremendous progress in the research and development of these QC laser sources, the technology is far from being sufficiently mature to be deployed for use in space instruments. We will discuss our efforts at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory to advance QC laser technology sufficiently to enable their use in new instruments for future NASA Earth and Solar System Exploration missions.
KEYWORDS: LIDAR, Backscatter, Space telescopes, Telescopes, Profiling, Signal to noise ratio, Doppler effect, Earth's atmosphere, Remote sensing, Space operations
A review of the history and current state of atmospheric sensing lidar from Earth orbit was conducted and it was found that space based earth remote sensing is still in its infancy with only one limited success extended duration autonomous mission to date. An analysis of the basic requirements for some candidate geo-stationary lidar concepts was completed and it was concluded that significant basic work is required in all areas of lidar development.
A major component of the hydrologic cycle is river discharge. Within the continental USA, the USGS operates nearly 7000 streamgaging stations. For much of the rest of the world major river discharge is poorly, sparsely or not monitored at all. In preparation for a shuttle demonstration of coherent Doppler lidar wind observing, it was determined that the assumption of a zero velocity for the surface return was probably not valid for a large fraction ofthe globe. Ocean currents, river currents, blowing sand or dust near the surface, or even swaying trees violate that assumption. However, what appeared as a confounder for shot to shot velocity calibration may actually be useful information to oceanographers and those involved with river flow. This paper describes the current status of efforts to determine both the usefulness of an observation of the river surface velocity and the feasibility of obtaining such information from a space-based Doppler lidar.
A collection of issues is discussed that are potential pitfalls, if handled incorrectly, for earth-orbiting lidar remote sensing instruments. These issues arise due to the long target ranges, high lidar-to-target relative velocities, low signal levels, use of laser scanners, and other unique aspects of using lasers in earth orbit. Consequences of misunderstanding these topics range from minor inconvenience to improper calibration to total failure. We will focus on wind measurement using coherent detection Doppler lidar, but many of the potential pitfalls apply also to noncoherent lidar wind measurement, and to measurement of parameters other than wind.
This paper presents the test results on a compact, off-axis telescope which is the precursor projector/receiver for a NASA Shuttle-based coherent lidar system operating at a wavelength of 2 microns to measure atmospheric wind profiles. The afocal telescope has an entrance pupil diameter of 25 cm, and an angular magnification of 25x. To determine the transmitted and returned optical wavefront quality, the telescope was tested in a Twyman-Green configuration at the operational wavelength. Interferograms were obtained via an infrared camera, and analyzed using a digitizing tablet and WYKO WISP software. Interferograms were obtained with and without an 11.7 degree wedged silicon window located in the entrance pupil. This window, which rotates orthogonal to the telescope optical axis, serves as the lidar system scanner. The measured wavefront information from the interferometer was used in a GLAD heterodyne receiver model to predict the effect of the optical system on the lidar performance. The experimental setup and procedures will be described, and the measurement results of the coherent lidar optical subsystem will be presented in this paper.
Innovative designs of a space-based laser remote sensing `wind machine' are presented. These designs seek compatibility with the traditionally conflicting constraints of high scientific value and low total mission cost. Mission cost is reduced by moving to smaller, lighter, more off-the-shelf instrument designs which can be accommodated on smaller launch vehicles.
The Pulse Systems Inc. Model LP-140 is a commercial pulsed CO2 laser designed for marking and engraving. It is available with pulse energies in excess of 1 joule and repetition rates up to 7 Hz, thus making it a potential candidate for lidar applications. The authors document the characteristics of the LP-140 performance including power, temporal and spatial mode stability, chirp, and long term operational characteristics. The laser can be made to function as a coherent lidar only if modified to improve its inherent characteristics. This paper addresses work in progress on the following modifications and their effect on performance: gas flow, optical resonator configuration and discharge supply modifications.
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