KEYWORDS: 3D modeling, Sensors, Minimum resolvable temperature difference, Bolometers, Performance modeling, Atmospheric modeling, Modulation transfer functions, Image sensors, Signal to noise ratio, Thermal modeling
Presented is a comprehensive, physics-based model for microbolometer detector and sensor performance prediction. The
model combines equations found in the literature and various standard models that generate NETD, MRTD, 3-D noise
statistics and atmosphere characteristics (MODTRAN-based), with a comprehensive microbolometer model and HgCdTe
model developed by the author to provide an end-to-end detector/FPA/sensor analysis and design tool, as well as a
realistic image sequence generation tool. The model characterizes the individual pixel element based on the structure
used, the various layer thicknesses, the electrical and thermal characteristics of the bolometer material and the biasing
and readout circuit, and uses these results to calculate response and noise, NEP and NETD. The NETD, MTF and
MRTD are predicted from the optics, detector and readout. Predicted NETD has been compared and verified with values
found in literature, results from other models, and to uncooled camera measurements. The MRTD prediction has been
verified with camera measurements and with standard industry MRTD model outputs. The model also calculates
atmospheric path radiance and transmittance for horizontal paths based on MODTRAN outputs for the LWIR band at
altitudes from 0 to 10km and ranges from 1 to 50km for assessments of air-to-air engagement SNR's. The model in
matlab utililizes a 3-D noise model to provide accurate realistic imagery used to present realistic sensor images and to
further validate the NETD and MRTD routines.(1) Images at 30Hz and 60Hz have been generated for visual assessment
by the user and have mirrored industry model results and real-time camera images for MRTD's for the temporal noise
case. The model's 3-D noise generation feature allows the prediction of MRTD vs. frequency under any 3-D noise
combination. This model provides an end-to-end performance prediction tool useful in bolometer element design,
readout design and for system level trade studies.
A unique polarization camera has been fabricated out of a wire grid polarizer attached to the surface of a
InGaAs FPA. The wire grid was configured as a Stokes polarimeter. Data has been collected for both space
and earthbound applications using both active and passive illumination. A mini-range and scaled targets of
representative materials were constructed to simulate space based distances for both resolved and
unresolved targets. For the purpose of providing advanced warning for rotorcraft, data has been collected on
power lines to test the feasibility and appropriateness of this type of technology to aid in their detection.
Three potential guidance mechanisms for pulsed laser angioplasty were tested for their ability to discriminate between different tissue types. Holmium:YAG laser energy (wavelength=2.1 um, 100 mJ/pulse, 12.7 J/mm2 fluence) was delivered through a 100 um fiber into normal artery, fibrous plaque, and calcified plaque, as well as saline and blood. Plasma emission, mechanical fiber recoil, and acoustic shock wave were all measured during laser irradiation of these different substances. Plasma emission was detected by a photodiode at the proximal end of the fiber. Mechanical fiber recoil was detected using a phono cartridge mechanically coupled to the fiber 60 cm from the distal end. Acoustic sound waves were detected with a hydrophone in close proximity to the target site. The probability of generating plasma emission and the relative magnitudes (1-4) of the mechanical recoil and acoustic signal are as follows: Signal Blood Normal Aorta White Plaque Calcified Plaque plasma 0% 0% 0% 99% acoustic 4 1 1 4 recoil 1 2 2.5 4 A Fourier transform of the acoustic signal showed differences between blood, normal artery or non-calcified plaque, and calcified plaque. Mechanical recoil does not provide additional information. These techniques do not differentiate normal tissue from fibrous plaque but will discriminate calcified plaque from blood, normal artery, and non-calcified plaque. These techniques are relatively easy to implement and provide potentially useful feedback to guide laser ablation. Conclusion: The presence of plasma is a good indicator of calcified plaque; when used in conjunction with the acoustic signal it could indicate whether the fiber catheter is on calcified plaque, non-calcified tissue, or in blood.
Access to the requested content is limited to institutions that have purchased or subscribe to SPIE eBooks.
You are receiving this notice because your organization may not have SPIE eBooks access.*
*Shibboleth/Open Athens users─please
sign in
to access your institution's subscriptions.
To obtain this item, you may purchase the complete book in print or electronic format on
SPIE.org.
INSTITUTIONAL Select your institution to access the SPIE Digital Library.
PERSONAL Sign in with your SPIE account to access your personal subscriptions or to use specific features such as save to my library, sign up for alerts, save searches, etc.