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The rate equation model considers the interplay of linear absorption, photoionization, avalanche ionization and recombination, traces thermalization and temperature evolution during the laser pulse, and portrays the role of thermal ionization that becomes relevant for T > 3000 K. Modeling of free-electron generation includes recent insights on breakdown initiation in water via multiphoton excitation of valence band electrons into a solvated state at Eini = 6.6 eV followed by up-conversion into the conduction band level that is located at 9.5 eV.
The ability of tracing the temperature evolution enabled us to link the model of laser-induced plasma formation with a hydrodynamic model of plasma-induced pressure evolution and phase transitions that, in turn, traces bubble generation and dynamics as well as shock wave emission. This way, the amount of nonlinear energy deposition in transparent dielectrics and the resulting material modifications can be assessed as a function of incident laser energy. The unified model of plasma formation and bubble dynamics yields an excellent agreement with experimental results over the entire range of investigated pulse durations (femtosecond to nanosecond), wavelengths (UV to IR) and pulse energies.
Iterative reconstruction algorithms or inverting directly the imaging matrix can take the finite size of real detectors directly into account, but the numerical effort is significantly higher compared to direct algorithms assuming point-like detection. Another reconstruction with less numerical effort is to use a direct algorithm assuming point-like detectors and run a deconvolution algorithm for deblurring afterwards. For such reconstruction methods spatial over-sampling makes sense because it reduces the blurring significantly.
The effect of step size on the reconstructed image is systematically examined using simulated and experimental data. Experimental data are obtained on a plastisol cylinder with thin holes filled with an absorbing liquid. Data acquisition is done by utilization of a piezoelectric detector (PVDF stripe) which is rotated around the plastisol cylinder.
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