We propose a graphene embedded highly sensitive double D-shaped photonic crystal fiber (PCF) based plasmonic sensor for multi-analyte detection. The double D-shaped PCF is fabricated using the standard stack-and-draw method and utilizes the scanning electron microscope (SEM) image for numerical investigations. The double D-shape structure facilitates simultaneous multi-analyte detection capability. The proposed sensor exhibits the maximum wavelength and amplitude sensitivities of 14,000 nm/RIU and 1,922 RIU-1 for x-polarized mode respectively. Due to its highly sensitive response and multi-analyte detection capability, the proposed sensor will be a suitable candidate for medical diagnostics, biochemical, and organic chemical detection.
A photonic crystal fiber (PCF)-based plasmonic biosensor for coronavirus detection is analyzed numerically. This can detect COVID spike protein, antibody and the viral ribonucleic acid (RNA) using multi-analyte sensing approach. It is optimized for the specific analytes’ refractive index (RI) range. The sensor shows the average wavelength sensitivities of 2,009 nm/RIU for the protein spike, 1984 nm/RIU for the antibody spike and 2745 nm/RIU for the mutant RNA spike, respectively. The corresponding amplitude sensitivities are 135 RIU-1, 140 RIU-1 and 196 RIU-1. We anticipate the proposed sensor to be a competitive candidate for rapid multi-analyte point-of-care COVID detection.
Dual microchannel (MCh) assist photonic crystal fiber-based plasmonic sensor has been proposed to detect a maximum of two analytes simultaneously. The proposed sensor will improve the detection time and accuracy. The performance of the sensor is investigated using the finite element method. Due to the symmetric structure, the proposed sensor shows similar performance for both channels. The sensor can be applied for both cases single and multi-analyte detection. The sensor exhibits the maximum wavelength sensitivity (WS) of 11,000 nm/RIU and amplitude sensitivity (AS) of 922 RIU-1for y-polarized modes, respectively. Due to the multi-analyte detection ability, the proposed sensor will be a suitable candidate for real-time biological and organic chemicals detections.
The relationships among macro-bending loss, power of the 1500-nm amplified spontaneous emission (ASE), gain, and noise figure of an erbium-gallium co-doped silica fiber amplifier are investigated and explained. The dependence of macro-bending loss on different bending radii is examined. Using different fiber lengths and bending radii, the effects of macro-bending on ASE, gain, and noise figure are analyzed in comparison to an unbent fiber. The ASE power changes because macro-bending alters the number of Er3+ ions in the I13/24 level that decay to the I15/24 level emitting photons of shorter and longer wavelengths. The trade-off relationship that exists between the change in the ASE power and signal loss, where both result from macro-bending, explains the gain change. Fiber length also affects the changes in the ASE power and gain. Noise figure in the longer-wavelength region increases. In the shorter-wavelength region, for a long fiber, the noise figure improves only slightly. For a short fiber, it worsens due to gain decrement. The findings from this study explain the reason for gain improvement upon suppressing either a competing or a noncompeting ASE via filters or macro-bending in other rare-earth-doped fibers.
The research and development efforts on the silica (SiO2) optical fiber for application in radiation sensing and other dosimetry field have become quite active. The widely used LiF based dosimeter (TLD) has shown a relatively low reproducibility and there is a time delay in dose assessment which loses its capability as direct real-time dose assessment dosimeters unlike diodes. The macroscopic size of the optical fiber generally does not allow direct in vivo dose sensing in the inner organ for radiotherapy and medical imaging. A flat optical fiber (FF) with nominal dimensions of (0.08 x10 x 10) mm3 of pure silica SiO2 and GeO2 with Boron doped silica fiber SiO2 was selected for this research. The Germanium was used a dopant to enhance the flat optical fiber to reach much higher responsiveness and dose sensitivity in high energy and high dose irradiation. Together with this combination, both TLD dimension and dose assessment issues was hoped to be overcome. The research conducted by comparing the response of pure silica SiO2 flat optical fiber with a GeO2 with Boron doped silica SiO2 flat optical fiber. The FF sample was annealed at 400°C for one hour before irradiated. Kinetic parameters and dosimetric glow curve of TL response and sensitivity were studied with respect to the electron beam of high dose of micro beam irradiation of 1.0 kGy, 5.0 kGy, 10.0 kGy, 50.0 kGy, 100.0 kGy, 500.0 kGy, and 1.0 MGy using Singapore Synchrotron Light Source’s (PCIT) beamline. The PCIT operates at 500mA current with real time current range from 90-100mA, dose rate of 3.03 MGy/hour and energy at 8.9KeV. The source to Source Surface Distance (SSD) was at 6.0 cm, with a field size of 20mm × 8mm diameter of a half circle. The TL response was measured using a TLD reader Harshaw Model 3500. The Time-Temperature-Profile (TTP) of the reader was obtained to a preheat temperature of 150 °C for 5 s, the output signal being acquired at a temperature ramprate of 35 °Cs-1, acquisition time of 10 s and a maximum temperature of 400 °C each of the FF samples. All reading was taken under N2 gas flow, suppressing oxidation and potential triboluminescence. The proposed FF shows the excellent TL response for high energy irradiation and good reproducibility and exhibits a very low rate of fading and low variation background signal. From these results, the proposed FF can be used as a radiation dosimeter in remote radiation sensing and favorably compares with the widely used of LiF based dosimeter on common medical radiotherapy application.
Salasiah M., A. Nordin, A. S. Fathinul Fikri, H. Hishar, N. Tamchek, K. Taiman, A. K. Ahmad Bazli, H. Abdul-Rashid, G. Mahdiraji, R. Mizanur, Noramaliza M. Noor
Cardiac positron emission tomography (PET) provides a precise method in order to diagnose obstructive coronary artery disease (CAD), compared to single photon emission tomography (SPECT). PET is suitable for obese and patients who underwent pharmacologic stress procedures. It has the ability to evaluate multivessel coronary artery disease by recording changes in left ventricular function from rest to peak stress and quantifying myocardial perfusion (in mL/min/g of tissue). However, the radiation dose to the radiosensitive organs has become crucial issues in the Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography(PET/CT) scanning procedure. The objective of this study was to estimate radiation dose to radiosensitive organs of patients who underwent PET/CT myocardial perfusion examination at Centre for Diagnostic Nuclear Imaging, Universiti Putra Malaysia in one month period using versatile optical fibres (Ge-B-doped Flat Fibre) and LiF (TLD-100 chips). All stress and rest paired myocardial perfusion PET/CT scans will be performed with the use of Rubidium-82 (82Rb). The optic fibres were loaded into plastic capsules and attached to patient’s eyes, thyroid and breasts prior to the infusion of 82Rb, to accommodate the ten cases for the rest and stress PET scans. The results were compared with established thermoluminescence material, TLD-100 chips. The result shows that radiation dose given by TLD-100 and Germanium-Boron-doped Flat Fiber (Ge-B-doped Flat Fiber) for these five organs were comparable to each other where the p>0.05. For CT scans,thyroid received the highest dose compared to other organs. Meanwhile, for PET scans, breasts received the highest dose.
Thermoluminescence (TL) flat optical fibers (FF) have been proposed as radiation sensor in medical dosimetry for both diagnostic and radiotherapy applications. A flat optical fiber with nominal dimensions of (3.226 × 3.417 × 0.980) mm3 contains pure silica SiO2 was selected for this research. The FF was annealed at 400°C for 1 h before irradiated. Kinetic parameters and dosimetric glow curve of TL response were studied in FF with respect to electron irradiation of 6 MeV, 15 MeV and 21 MeV using linear accelerator (LINAC) in the dose range of 2.0-10.0 Gy. The TL response was read using a TLD reader Harshaw Model 3500. The Time-Temperature-Profile (TTP) of the reader used includes; initial preheat temperature of 80°C, maximum readout temperature is 400°C and the heating rate of 30°Cs-1. The proposed FF shows excellent linear radiation response behavior within the clinical relevant dose range for all of these energies, good reproducibility, independence of radiation energy, independence of dose rate and exhibits a very low thermal fading. From these results, the proposed FF can be used as radiation dosimeter and favorably compares with the widely used of LiF:MgTi dosimeter in medical radiotherapy application.
A new technique for measuring the accumulated chromatic dispersion in single-mode fibers is presented. The proposed simple and tunable technique uses the null frequency of the optical beating signal between pump, probe, and four-wave-mixing conjugated signals as the pump and probe frequency separation is changed. The null frequency of the optical beating signals varies with the accumulated chromatic dispersion in the single mode fiber. A full mathematical model of the measurement technique is developed and is supported by experimental results. The technique is successfully demonstrated experimentally using a semiconductor optical amplifier as a phase conjugator to achieve a null frequency variation of 1.2 GHz for a difference of 960-ps/nm accumulated chromatic dispersion.
A new technique for measuring the accumulated chromatic dispersion (CD) in single-mode fiber (SMF) is presented. The technique uses the ratio of the beating power between pump and probe signals and the beating power between probe signal and the four-wave mixing (FWM) conjugated signal. The technique is successfully demonstrated using dispersion-flattened fiber (DFF) as a phase conjugator to achieve a 20-dB relative power variation as a result of up to 1000 ps/nm accumulated CD change.
Subcarrier Multiplexed (SCM) systems have received a considerable amount of interest, mainly in areas such as radioon-fiber systems and multi-channel video distribution. SCM systems, which use double sideband transmission, however experience high dispersion penalty especially in long distance transmission. Several techniques have been proposed to improve this, one of which is optical single sideband modulation. Recently, a tandem single sideband (TSSB) technique that enables transmission of different channels on each of the two sidebands was proposed. This effectively doubles the bandwidth efficiency while improving the dispersion penalty. In this paper, we demonstrate a novel technique to transmit and receive in the proposed TSSB technique using orthogonal carriers. Two channels of 200 Mb/s NRZ data were used to modulate a pair of orthogonal RF carriers and subsequently transmitted using the TSSB technique. Although the RF spectrum of the two received channels overlaps one another, they can be separated using quadrature demodulators. In this paper, we report simulation results of error free transmission for two 200 Mb/s channels using orthogonal carriers in TSSB systems.
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