As one of the important means of quantitative evaluation of liver injury, biochemical analyzer is a conventional testing method. However, it has not been widely used in low - middle - income countries (LMICs) due to the limited personnel, lack of funding and complicated environmental problems. How to acquire the information of liver injury quickly with simple and efficient method providing powerful support for clinical decision-making is still a challenge for LMICs. To solve this problem, we designed a novel and easy-to-use point of care system for liver injury. This system consists of a detection device which is based on a two-photon macro photochemical sensor and a paper-based test card with a built-in system for blood cell filtration. The two-photon structure is used to reduce the overall volume and cost of the system, it makes up for the inter-station errors introduced during the instrument assembly process. The blood cell filtration system reduces the operational complexity, and the blood can be filtered, react and change color directly on the test card. The detection device obtains the continuous light reflection signal of the paper-based test card and quantifies the signal to complete the quantitative test of liver damage indexes. We simulated the national environment of LMICs to evaluate the performance of the system: under the environment of 35℃ and 90% relative humidity, 40 Heparin whole blood, the correlation R2 between our system and MindrayBS350s was greater than 0.95. Both of the Randox Quality Control level 2 and level 3 repeatability CV were less than 7.5%. The results show that the system is not only small in size, low in cost and simple in operation, its measurement performance and stability meet the clinical requirements of high temperature and high humidity environment, and so it can be used in LMICs for primary liver function screening and liver disease progression assessment.
In this study, a classification model for THz spectral data of coffee is constructed using an integrated learning approach, an AELM optimization model is proposed, the ELM is improved using the AO population optimization algorithm, the connection weights of the input and implicit layers of the ELM and the threshold of the implicit layer are searched for, the AELM is used as a weak classifier of FSAMME for integrated learning, the weights of the FSAMME algorithm are improved The update method is used to increase the weight of misclassified sample data and reduce the weight of weak classifiers with high classification error rate in the final classifier by dynamically weighting them during the iteration process according to the classification accuracy, and finally normalize all weak classifier weights to integrate the strong classifier AE-dynamic FS integrated learning model. The accuracy of AO-ELM-dynamic FSAMME model on the test set sample data set of five coffee origins is 99%, the classification accuracy of coffee samples from China, Brazil, Colombia, Ethiopia and Honduras is 100%, 100%, 100%, 94.4% and 100% respectively, and the number of samples misclassified is 1 sample from Ethiopia,realizing excellent classification performance.
In practice, the wrapped phase in interferometry is often affected by noise and discontinuity, and among the various types of phase unwrapping (PU) method, the weighted least-square (WLS) PU algorithm, as a global strategy, is widely utilized. However, the excessive smoothing effect exists within the process of PU. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct a comprehensively analysis of different WLS PU algorithms, which includes noise resistance, discontinuity characteristics, convergence speed, and accuracy. First, different weighting strategies were compared with detail for the WLS approach. Under slight noise condition, the edge detection map (EDM) and the filtering method both obtained relatively accurate and reliable phase information. However, when it comes to global multiplicative noise such as speckle noise, the filtering method showed better anti-noise performance than the EDM method, whereas EDM was more capable of dealing with discontinuous phase. Second, to improve the iterative convergence speed and accuracy, the initial value selection was analyzed in detail, and a new initial value selection method was proposed. Simulation and experiments were carried out and validated the results of the analysis.
A telephoto structure-based laser autocollimation with common-path compensation method is proposed to compensate laser beam drift of laser autocollimator. According to the analysis, the measurement beam and the reference beam propagate alongside nearly the same path with approximately identical amounts of drift. Moreover, the ellipses fitting algorithm based on least square approach ensures the accuracy of extracting centroid of the beam while the only photodetector (CCD) with the telephoto objective and several reflectors guarantees the compaction and effectiveness of the system. Simulations and experiments demonstrate a significant beam drift compensation result up to 86.5%. In other words, the stability of the laser beam in the process of measurement is improved.
Modern subaperture technologies mostly use the five-axis machine to follow the normal of state-of-the-art surfaces, such as aspheric, off-axis surfaces. The dual-tilt-axis tool has been widely used in optical manufacture to change the orientation of the tool. The initial tilt positions of the tool play an important role in the symmetry of tool influence function (TIF). The tilt angle errors may cause a skew TIF. We discussed the self-developed machine and its TIF models with different motion modes. Next, the effect of tilt angle errors, include spinning axis tilt error and revolution axis tilt error, was analyzed based on our self-developed polishing machine. Symmetric TIF will distort and form a skew TIF due to the angle error. There was a linear relationship between the eccentric ratio of the skew TIF and the angle error. In the experimental study, an initial adjustment was performed by utilizing a dial gauge, and then the TIF result showed that there were still some angle errors. We presented an image thresholding calibration method based on skew TIF to solve the tilt angle errors. After the new calibration, the following compared experiment got a fine symmetric, and Gauss-like TIF, and proved the validity of the proposed model and calibration method.
KEYWORDS: Neural networks, Visualization, Color difference, Visual process modeling, LCDs, Artificial neural networks, Lithium, Human vision and color perception, Statistical modeling, Standards development
The complexity of cross-media color reproduction is that even the problem of device dependence of color space is solved, color distortion still exists in the different background and viewing condition. In this study, the color characterization for the computer monitor is established with visual matching experiments that based on the color appearance model CIECAM02 and back propagation neural network (BPNN). After analyzing prediction results and the influence of training methods, transfer function, the number of hidden layers and nodes of BPNN, ‘log-sigmoid’ is selected as transfer function, the structure of BPNN is 3-6-6-6-3 in this paper. The average prediction color difference of training samples and test samples are 1.016 and 1.726 respectively within acceptable range of color difference of human vision.
This research aims to study the color distribution of ocean surface over Chinese surrounding sea areas in the CIELAB color space. We measure the spectral reflectance of the East China Sea, the South China Sea and the Philippine Sea by using an underwater vertical profile spectrometer. Based on the standard formula of 1931CIEXYZ tristimulus values, the tristimulus values of the ocean surface color of each sea area were calculated and the ocean surface color were reproduced. The octree color quantization was used to quantify the chromaticity values of each sea area and the main chroma value information distribution of ocean surface was obtained in the CIELAB uniform color space. The obtained results are encouraging in that the chroma information of the ocean surface show differences in different sea areas and have their own characteristics.
As the development of the polychrome printing technology, more and more pigments are available on printing and packaging industry, which has brought new requirements to the on-line color defect detection for printed matter. There are always difficulties for traditional detecting approaches with commercial RGB cameras to provide competent color resolution due to the color gamut limitation. In this communication, we proposed a snapshot multispectral imaging method using a novel spectral filter array (SFA), which has eight spectral channels and one panchromatic channel. Spectral reconstruction and color reproduction was carried out by using BP network with the training on Munsell colors and typical printed samples. We defined the empirical threshold values for color defect detection in the spectral vector space, and demonstrated the validity of this method with practical printed matter experiments.
Digital holographic microscope (DHM) as a quantitative phase imaging and surface metrological tool for microstructure objects has shown increased interest over the past two decades. In this paper, we report the development of two commercial digital holographic microscopes (reflection mode and transmission mode) for different applications. The two microscopes all use a CCD camera for recording of a digital off-axis hologram and a numerical method for reconstructing the hologram. The user-friendly software simultaneously provides an amplitude image and a quantitative phase image of the object. Furthermore, additional features include various image enhancements, cross-sectional and line profiling, measurement and data analysis tools. Some applications of the two products are presented on different specimens, such as MEMS, cells.
An improved k-means algorithm is proposed to enhance the stability and dynamic measurement accuracy of high-frequency small angle measurement using a dynamic autocollimator. The improved algorithm incorporating an optimized initialization scheme is used to determine the accurate position of the light spot for angle calculation. Simulations executed on different datasets demonstrate the effectiveness of the algorithm. Experimental results indicate that the 30-min stability of 0.58 and 0.69 arc sec at the measurement frequencies of 5 and 10 kHz can be achieved by the improved algorithm, respectively. Also, the dynamic measurement accuracy of 0.99 and 1.25 arc sec under the rotation speeds of 1 and 20 deg / s, respectively, at the measurement frequency of 10 kHz can be obtained. It is confirmed that the improved algorithm is necessary and effective for the autocollimator.
Currently, the use of implantable enzyme electrode sensor is the main method for continuous blood glucose monitoring. But the effect of electrochemical reactions and the significant drift caused by bioelectricity in body will reduce the accuracy of the glucose measurements. So the enzyme-based glucose sensors need to be calibrated several times each day by the finger-prick blood corrections. This increases the patient's pain. In this paper, we proposed a method for continuous Non-invasive blood glucose monitoring by spectral image differencing method in the near infrared band. The method uses a high-precision CCD detector to switch the filter in a very short period of time, obtains the spectral images. And then by using the morphological method to obtain the spectral image differences, the dynamic change of blood sugar is reflected in the image difference data. Through the experiment proved that this method can be used to monitor blood glucose dynamically to a certain extent.
In this paper, we reported the laboratory spectral calibration of an ultraviolet (UV) Fourier transform imaging spectrometer (FTIS). A short overview of the designed UV-FTIS, which feature with a Cassegrain objective, an Offner relay optics system and a spatial-and-temporal modulation Michelson structure, is given. The experimental setup of spectral calibration is described, including details of the light source and integrating sphere. A high pressure mercury lamp was used to acquire reference spectrum. We calculated the all optical path difference (OPD) to achieve spectral response of every wavelength sample and divided the position of reference peak to subpixel to increase the precision of spectral calibration. The spectrum of spectral calibration show two weakly responded peaks, which was validated by reference spectrum of fiber optic spectrometer. The deviation of wavelength calibration is low to establish a best spectrometer resolution. The results of spectral calibration can meet the requirements of the UV-FTIS application.
KEYWORDS: Reflectivity, Statistical analysis, Optical engineering, Printing, Principal component analysis, Color difference, Seaborgium, Lithium, Reconstruction algorithms, RGB color model
The use of spectral reflectance as fundamental color information finds application in diverse fields related to imaging. Many approaches use training sets to train the algorithm used for color classification. In this context, we note that the modification of training sets obviously impacts the accuracy of reflectance reconstruction based on classical reflectance reconstruction methods. Different modifying criteria are not always consistent with each other, since they have different emphases; spectral reflectance similarity focuses on the deviation of reconstructed reflectance, whereas colorimetric similarity emphasizes human perception. We present a method to improve the accuracy of the reconstructed spectral reflectance by adaptively combining colorimetric and spectral reflectance similarities. The different exponential factors of the weighting coefficients were investigated. The spectral reflectance reconstructed by the proposed method exhibits considerable improvements in terms of the root-mean-square error and goodness-of-fit coefficient of the spectral reflectance errors as well as color differences under different illuminants. Our method is applicable to diverse areas such as textiles, printing, art, and other industries.
KEYWORDS: Reflectivity, RGB color model, Color difference, Cameras, Digital cameras, Principal component analysis, Imaging systems, Light sources, Optoelectronics, Printing
Spectral reflectance provides the most fundamental information of objects and is recognized as the “fingerprint” of them, since reflectance is independent of illumination and viewing conditions. However, reconstructing high-dimensional spectral reflectance from relatively low-dimensional camera outputs is an illposed problem and most of methods requaired camera’s spectral responsivity. We propose a method to reconstruct spectral reflectance from digital camera outputs without prior knowledge of camera’s spectral responsivity. This method respectively averages reflectances of selected subset from main training samples by prescribing a limit to tolerable color difference between the training samples and the camera outputs. Different tolerable color differences of training samples were investigated with Munsell chips under D65 light source. Experimental results show that the proposed method outperforms classic PI method in terms of multiple evaluation criteria between the actual and the reconstructed reflectances. Besides, the reconstructed spectral reflectances are between 0-1, which make them have actual physical meanings and better than traditional methods.
An improved compact digital holographic microscope (ICDHM) is developed for three-dimensional imaging of microstructures. This system is based on lensless magnification using a diverging wave. A point source generated by a long working distance microscope objective is located into the cube beam-splitter to get a higher numerical aperture (NA) of the system. The lateral resolution and the field-of-view of the system are confirmed with a calibration experiment. For the case of the optical path lengths (OPL) of object with step pattern larger than the wavelength, the traditional phase unwrapping algorithms cannot be unequivocally determinate, resulting in a 2π phase ambiguity. To solve this problem, dual wavelength phase unwrapping method was integrated into ICDHM, which extends the measuring capability of ICDHM over several microns of range. The experimental results demonstrate that the developed system is well suitable for the measurement of MEMS and Micro systems samples with high resolution.
An off-axis annular subaperture stitching interferometry (OASSI) is presented to test off-axis aspheric surfaces. In view of this, the relationship between misalignment and wavefront aberration is deduced with a strict theoretical analysis. The analytic result shows that the relative misalignment errors between the interferometer and the off-axis mirror tested will lead to complex wavefront aberrations in the measurement result other than the ordinary terms of piston, tilts, and power. Based on the analytic result, a suitable off-axis stitching algorithm is developed for stitching the off-axis subaperture. Both the numerical simulations and preliminary experimental results prove the potential of the proposed approach for the measurement of off-axis aspheric surfaces. As far as we know, this is the first time that OASSI has been used to test the off-axis aspheric surface.
A simple and effective automatic positioning method (APM) is proposed for the application of annular subaperture stitching interferometry in the stage of precision polishing. In the testing process, a series of optical path difference (OPD) data of subaperture are obtained since the interferometer is shifted relative to the tested aspheric surface. These OPD data are analyzed by the APM to get the key stitching parameters (e.g., aspheric departure) without a precision motion system. The basic principles of the APM are described. The performance of the method is simulated in some pertinent cases. Finally, we study the applicability of the proposed method to subaperture stitching tests of a hyperbolic mirror. The stitching results agree with the full-aperture test results. It demonstrates the validity and practicability of the proposed algorithm.
Annular subaperture stitching interferometry (ASSI) is increasingly used for precision metrology of aspheric surfaces. The stitching model is a critical factor for stitching algorithms in ASSI. An optimized stitching model is proposed, which describes the alignment errors of adjacent subapertures based on an off-axis model and wave aberration theory. To keep the stitching errors from transmitting and accumulating, a simultaneous optimization algorithm is presented. The residual difference of overlapped regions of adjacent subapertures is utilized to evaluate the stitching accuracy. Finally, the comparative numerical simulations and experiments are carried out. It shows that the optimized stitching model has a better performance and validity.
Many polishing techniques such as fixed-abrasive polishing, abrasive-free polishing and magnetorheological finishing
etc., have been developed. Meanwhile, a new technique is proposed using the mixture of the electro-rheological (Er)
fluid with abrasives as polishing slurry, which is a special process does not require pad. Electrorheological fluid is a
special suspension liquid, whose viscosity has an approximate proportional relation with the electric strength applied.
When the field strength reaches a certain limit, the phase transition occurs and the liquid acquires a solid like character,
and while the electric field is removed, the fluid regains its original viscosity during the order of milliseconds. In this
research work, we employed the characteristics of viscosity change of Er fluid to hold the polishing particles for micromachining.
A point-contact electro-rheological finishing (Erf) tool was designed with a tip diameter 0.5~1mm. Both the
anode and the cathode of the electric field were combined in the tool. The electric field could be controllable. When the
tool moves across the profile of the work piece, by controlling the electric field strength as well as the other
manufacturing parameters we can assure the deterministic material removal. Furthermore, the electro-rheological
finishing process has been planned in detailed.
The optical design of projection objectives is a key to the LCD projection technology, which will have a great impact on
the quality of projection image. The method of the design for the LCD projection objective is very close to that for
photographic lens. In this paper, a LCD projection objective is designed. Based on the inverse telephoto objective, the
initial optical structure is obtained through complication so that the seven primary aberrations of the initial system can be
corrected. The optical design software ZEMAX is employed to have the initial system optimized. The optimization result
meets the technique requirements: the effective focal length 50mm, F/6, the full field of view ±20°, distortion greater than
0.1% and MTF above 0.1 at 40lp/mm.
Magnetorheological finishing (MRF) is a technique in which a magnetic-field stiffened ribbon of MR fluid is used to polish a workpiece. MR fluids are essentially suspensions of magnetizable particles immersed in a nonmagnetic fluid. These complex fluids show a unique ability to undergo rapid, nearly completely reversible, significant changes in their mechanical and optical properties upon application of an external magnetic field. The aim of this work is essentially to investigate the effect of microstructure and viscosity behavior of magnetorheological suspensions under the external electro-magnetic field. A viscometer equipped with a circular shape electro-magnetic coil around the testing tube is used. The viscosity of the MR fluids is experimentally studied with the change of the magnetic density. The microstructure and behavior of bending chains in MR fluids are observed by applying an electro-magnetic field.
A new model developing knife-edge test to a quantified method is built in this paper. Based on knife-edge test and image-processing technology, the local surface deformations on aspheric surface can be characterized. The image-receiver CCD (756x504) can assure that the deformation on the little curved face can be measured and detected sensitively. For reducing the influence of the vibration of optical and image-receiving subsystems and offset of images, the least-squares procedure has been used to process images for three times. Then all of the images will be cut at the least-squares circles and moved to the same position, so every pixel on all images can be matched without any offset. In addition, the authors checked the validity of new method by measuring the characterization of parabolic surface under manufactured in our laboratory, and by processing data with simulation method on computer. The result of experiment and calculation can both approve that the least squares techniques is effective.
This paper presents a reasonable approach to this issue, i.e., computer controlled magnetorheological finishing (MRF). In MRF, magnetically stiffened magnetorheological (MR) abrasive fluid flows through a preset converging gap that is formed by a workpiece surface and a moving rigid wall, to create precise material removal and polishing. Tsinghua University recently completed a project with MRF technology, in which a 66 mm diameter, f/5 parabolic mirror was polished to the shape accuracy of λ/17 RMS (λ=632.8nm) and the surface roughness of 1.22 nm Ra. This was done on a home made novel aspheric computer controlled manufacturing system. It is a three-axis, self-rotating wheel machine, the polishing tool is driven with one motor through a belt. This paper presents the manufacturing and testing processes, including establish the mathematics model of MRF optics on the basis of Preston equation, profiler test and relative coefficients, i.e., pressure between workpiece and tool, velocity of MR fluid in polishing spot, tolerance control of geometrical parameters such as radius of curvature and conic constant also been analyzed in the paper. Experiments were carried out on the features of MRF. The results indicated that the required convergent speed, surface roughness could be achieved with high efficiency.
Access to the requested content is limited to institutions that have purchased or subscribe to SPIE eBooks.
You are receiving this notice because your organization may not have SPIE eBooks access.*
*Shibboleth/Open Athens users─please
sign in
to access your institution's subscriptions.
To obtain this item, you may purchase the complete book in print or electronic format on
SPIE.org.
INSTITUTIONAL Select your institution to access the SPIE Digital Library.
PERSONAL Sign in with your SPIE account to access your personal subscriptions or to use specific features such as save to my library, sign up for alerts, save searches, etc.