Optical methods for diagnosing various polycrystalline objects (layers of solid and soft matter) and visualizing their structure occupy a prominent place due to their high informativeness and the possibility of multifunctional (photometric, spectral, polarimetric, and correlation) monitoring of the investigated environment. However, there is currently no unified methodological approach to diagnose such structures. In studies of solid matter layers, methods of speckle optics, Fourier optics, correlation optics, and other branches of classical optics prevail. The main fundamental directions of such research are the results of theoretical and experimental studies of photon transport in soft matter layers, specifically biological tissues. Polarimetric research has formed a separate direction in the field of optical studies of biological tissues. The analysis of the polarization characteristics of scattered radiation allows obtaining qualitatively new results about the morphological and physiological state of biological tissues, including cataracts of the lens, glucose concentration in tissues of diabetic patients, and malignant changes.
Within the framework of a statistical approach, physical correlations were determined between the central statistical moments of the 1st to 4th orders characterizing integral and layer-specific maps of linear and circular birefringence and dichroism in dehydrated films of biological fluids, as well as different types of architecture of optically anisotropic polycrystalline structures. Regularities and statistical scenarios of transformation were established for holographically reconstructed layer-specific spatially non-uniform distributions of phase and amplitude anisotropy parameters (magnitude and position of extrema, ranges of histogram variation) in dehydrated films of polycrystalline biological fluids.
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