KEYWORDS: Copper indium gallium selenide, Selenium, Copper, Solar cells, Sputter deposition, Thin films, Gallium, Thin film solar cells, Indium, Chemical elements
The reactive co-sputtering was developed as a new way of preparing high quality CuInGaSe2(CIGS) films from two sets of targets; Cu0.6Ga 0.4 and Cu0.4In0.6 alloy and Cu and (In0.7Ga0.3)2Se3 compound targets. During sputtering, Cu, In, Ga metallic elements as well as the compound materials were reacted to form CIGS simultaneously in highly reactive elemental Se atmosphere generated by a thermal cracker. CIGS layer had been grown on Mo/soda-lime glass(SLG) at 500°C. For both sets of targets, we controlled the composition of CIGS thin film by changing the RF power for target components. All the films showed a preferential (112) orientation as observed from X-ray diffraction analysis. The composition ratios of CIGS were easily set to 0.71-0.95, 0.10-0.30 for [Cu]/[III] and [Ga]/[III], respectively. The grain size and the surface roughness of a CIGS film increased as the [Cu]/[III] ratios increased. The solar cells were fabricated using a standard base line process in the device structure of grid/ITO/i-ZnO/CdS/CIGS/Mo/ SLG. The best performance was obtained the performance of Voc = 0.45 V, Jsc =35.6, FF = 0.535, η = 8.6% with a 0.9 μm-CIGS solar cell from alloy targets while Voc = 0.54 V, Jsc =30.8, FF = 0.509, η = 8.5% with a 0.8 μm-CIGS solar cell from Cu and (In0.7Ga0.3)2Se3.
KEYWORDS: Radio over Fiber, Signal to noise ratio, Radio optics, Transmitters, Receivers, Quadrature amplitude modulation, Telecommunications, Modulators, Optical amplifiers, Optical engineering
An optical transmitter system-on-packaging (TxSoP) with an electro-absorption modulator (EAM) was developed for 60-GHz band rf with radio-over-fiber (rf/RoF) uplink. An analysis to develop the TxSoP with a small noise figure was performed so that the noise figure of the modified TxSoP decreased by 15 dB. The rf/RoF uplink with the modified TxSoP was established, and the error vector magnitude (EVM) and the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the link were measured between 2.2% and 3.2% and between 26 dB and 29 dB from 140 MHz to 800 MHz, respectively. Digital CATV signals corresponding to 86 channels were transmitted through the link, and total throughput of the link was 2.6 Gbps.
KEYWORDS: Transmitters, Radio over Fiber, Optical amplifiers, Signal to noise ratio, Analog electronics, Radio optics, Modulators, Photodetectors, Quadrature amplitude modulation, Optical engineering
We developed an analog optical transmitter module with rf gain for 60 GHz radio-over-fiber (RoF) application narrow band. It consists of an electroabsorption modulator (EAM), a filter, and amplifier. The frequency response increased about 20 dB from the noise level around 60 GHz with the EAM bias voltage of −1.6 V. The 3 dB bandwidth was about 2.2 GHz. The signal-to-noise ratio of the RoF link with transmitter module was measured and the noise figure was obtained, which were compared with those of narrow band EAM module with an additional amplifier. A 16 quadrature-amplitude-modulation data signal could be transmitted with the signal-to-noise ratio of 15.9 dB. The noise figure of the RoF link with the transmitter module was calculated 19.2 dB, which is about 7.5 dB larger than that of the EAM module with rf amplifier at the bias voltage −2.0 V.
We proposed the vertical mode coupling structure (VMCS) for monolithic integration of optoelectronic devices. The electroabsorption duplexer (EAD) chip was fabricated by monolithically integrating both a waveguide photodiode (PD) and an electroabsorption modulator (EAM) in association with traveling wave electrodes. Using an EAD we presented a transceiver (TRx) module for dual functions of both electrical-to-optical (E/O) and optical-to-electrical (O/E) conversions at 60GHz band. The responsivity and the extinction ration of the EAD were 0.72 A/W and 20 dB at -4 Vdc, respectively. The coupling loss between the optical fiber and the device facet was as small as 1.96 dB. The small signal 3 dB bandwidth of E/O and O/E response was 25 GHz and 8 GHz, respectively. We also investigated the issues of RF packaging in which the optoelectronic and electronic amplifier devices were co-packaged in a single housing.
We have designed the microstrip-type multipole (7-pole and 9-pole) lowpass filters consisting of both transmission lines and open stubs. The filters were fabricated on high temperature superconducting (HTS) YBa2Cu3O7-(delta ) (YBCO) thin films grown on MgO(100) substrates by pulsed laser deposition. For 7-pole lowpass filter, the measured insertion losses were within 0.5 dB, and up to 8 GHz the passband shows very flat with ripples of less than 0.05 dB. For 9-pole filter, we observed the insertion loss of 5.0 dB and the ripples of 0.64 dB. The skirt became steep and the off-band rejection increased large as the number of poles increases.
We have fabricated YBa2Cu3O7-(delta ) (YBCO) superconducting line resonator and tunable line resonator on ferroelectric Sr0.5Ba0.5TiO3 (SBTO) buffered MgO(100) substrate and discussed the frequency shift mechanism of superconductor as a function of temperature and bias voltage, respectively. The resonators were designed using superconducting YBCO epitaxial thin films. Optimized resonator shown the resonant frequency of 10 GHz at 77 K. The YBCO films were grown in situ by pulsed laser deposition technique at 750 degree(s)C and oxygen partial pressure of 200 mTorr. The resonators have linear microstrip line separated by a gap of 5 micrometers and 0.5 mm, respectively. A gap is intentionally introduced to generate mainly a capacitive series reactance. The equivalence circuit of line resonator is a II network consisted of three capacitances. As the series capacitance C12 of SBTO ferroelectric thin films was changed by a bias voltage applied on the strip conductors including the gap, resonance frequency was shifted about 20 MHz from the unbiased center frequency of 10 GHz. The variation of resonance peak could be explained by a serial capacitance model. To find a central frequency mechanism depending on temperature, we fit the raw data using f(T)/f(10 K) and simple power law model. The shifting of the resonant frequencies due to temperature was fit to a two-fluid model, BCS theory and empirical formula. Also the surface impedance of superconducting YBCO films as a function of temperature at 10 GHz has been estimated by a transmission line method.
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