We propose a rectangular resonator sensor structure with butterfly MMI coupler using SOI. It consists of the rectangular resonator, total internal reflection (TIR) mirror, and the butterfly MMI coupler. The rectangular resonator is expected to be used as bio and chemical sensors because of the advantages of using MMI coupler and the absence of bending loss unlike ring resonators. The butterfly MMI coupler can miniaturize the device compared to conventional MMI by using a linear butterfly shape instead of a square in the MMI part. The width, height, and slab height of the rib type waveguide are designed to be 1.5 μm, 1.5 μm, and 0.9 μm, respectively. This structure is designed as a single mode. When designing a TIR mirror, we considered the Goos-Hänchen shift and critical angle. We designed 3:1 MMI coupler because rectangular resonator has no bending loss. The width of MMI is designed to be 4.5 μm and we optimize the length of the butterfly MMI coupler using finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method for higher Q-factor. It has the equal performance with conventional MMI even though the length is reduced by 1/3. As a result of the simulation, Qfactor of rectangular resonator can be obtained as 7381.
In this paper, we propose temperature sensing method by using optical beating. When temperature changes, a peak wavelength of the sensing laser varies slightly. However, with limitation of the optical spectrum analyzer’s (OSA) spectral resolution (sub-nm), it is hard to measure the exact quantity of the wavelength variation. Therefore, we used electrical spectrum analyzer (ESA) and two lasers to obtain the wavelength shift. We used DFB-LD (distributed feedback laser diode) and TLS (tunable laser source) to get beating signal. Each of laser has 1550 nm of wavelength, -20 dBm of intensity and 108 of Q factor. We varied temperature by 0.1 °C from 17.4 °C to 18.4 °C using TEC (temperature controller). We observed 0.01 nm/°C of wavelength change through OSA and 9.5 GHz/°C of beating frequency change through ESA. With this result, we verified that we can measure relative temperature change with having ultra-fine resolution of 9.5×10-7 °C theoretically for the ESA resolution bandwidth of 1 kHz. This detecting ability can be applied to highly sensitive temperature sensor.
In this paper, total internal reflection (TIR) mirror is carefully simulated for silicon nitride polygonal ring resonator sensor structure. Polygonal resonator has recently attracted much attention for applications in bio and chemical sensors because it does not have a bending loss, and it has an advantage of using MMI coupler. In polygonal resonator sensor design, high Q-factor and low TIR mirror loss are extremely significant factors. Therefore, critical angle and Goos-Hanchen shift should be considered in the design of TIR mirror. When cladding material is SiO2, the critical angle of SiNx waveguide is about 44.99 degrees and the Goos-Hanchen shift is about 400 nm at 1.55 μm wavelength. For the rib type waveguide, we designed it to have 3 μm width, 1 μm height, and 0.5 μm etching depth for decreasing TIR mirror loss. As simulation results of FDTD, reflectivitities of polygonal TIR mirrors are 79% for pentagon, 95% for hexagon and 98% for octagon, respectively. According to the simulations, Q-factors for hexagonal and octagonal resonators can be obtained as high as 1.55 x 104 and 1.72 x 104, respectively.
KEYWORDS: Signal to noise ratio, Signal detection, Optical amplifiers, Interference (communication), Telecommunications, Modulation, Sensors, Linear filtering, Capacitors, Cognitive informatics, Optical sensors, Signal processing, Optical design
Lock-in amplifier (LIA) has been widely used in optical signal detection systems because it can measure small signal under high noise level. Generally, The LIA used in optical signal detection system is composed of transimpedance amplifier (TIA), phase sensitive detector (PSD) and low pass filter (LPF). But commercial LIA using LPF is affected by flicker noise. To avoid flicker noise, there is 2ω detection LIA using BPF. To improve the dynamic reserve (DR) of the 2ω LIA, the signal to noise ratio (SNR) of the TIA should be improved. According to the analysis of frequency response of the TIA, the noise gain can be minimized by proper choices of input capacitor (Ci) and feed-back network in the TIA in a specific frequency range. In this work, we have studied how the SNR of the TIA can be improved by a proper choice of frequency range. We have analyzed the way to control this frequency range through the change of passive component in the TIA. The result shows that the variance of the passive component in the TIA can change the specific frequency range where the noise gain is minimized in the uniform gain region of the TIA.
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