Increasingly, scientific and military missions require the use of space-based optical systems. For example, new capabilities are required for imaging terrestrial like planets, for surveillance, and for directed energy applications. Given the difficulties in producing and launching large optics, it is doubtful that refinements of conventional technology will meet future needs, particularly in a cost-effective manner. To meet this need, recent research has been investigating the feasibility of a new class of ultra-lightweight think-skin optical elements that combine recent advances in lightweight thermally formed materials, active materials, and novel sensing and control architectures. If successful, the approach may lead to an order of magnitude reduction in space optics areal density, improved large scale manufacturing capability, and dramatic reductions in manufacturing and launch costs. In a recent effort, a one meter thin-film mirror like structure was fabricated. This paper provides an overview of tools used to model and simulate this structure as well as results from structural dynamic testing. In addition, progress in the area of non-contact global shape control using smart materials is presented.
KEYWORDS: Electrodes, Ferroelectric materials, Amplifiers, Electron beams, Ceramics, Monte Carlo methods, Dielectrics, Data acquisition, Particles, Electron transport
A plate of PZT5h was prepared with a single electrode on one face connected to a power amplifier. The opposite face was left as bare ceramic material which was then exposed to an electron beam. Sixteen strain gages were attached atop the electrode to measure the strain response and as a function of electrode potential (backpressure voltage). A range of sinusoidal voltage inputs were applied to the electrode and the strain response and current draw through the PZT were recorded. Electrode potentials between -15 and 100 V yield very predictable strain response and extremely small currents (approcimately 10-7 - 10-6 microamperes) which appear to be independent of the electrode potential. Below -15 V the current through the PZT suddenly increases to 10 (mu) a. At -15 volts level the strain response is still predictable but, as the electrode voltage decreases the strain signal begins to display significant drift. The root cause of this phenomenon is examined with the aid of the deBroglie-Einstein postulate and the Schr*dinger wave equation.
Current adaptive optics designs often rely upon multiple actuators to mechanically deform mirrored surfaces. The spatial resolution of control is dependent upon the physical size of these actuators and the number of actuators present. Piezoelectric materials may be used for actuation however the classical control methods of these materials also rely on discrete areas of actuation and require lead wiring for each electrode, patch, or stack utilized. Electron gun control of piezoelectric materials eliminates the need for discrete, segmented electrodes and their associated lead wiring. This method also holds the potential for much finer control resolution since the restraining parameter is beam size. Lightweight piezoelectric ceramics may possibly be used as wavefront conjugating mirrors. Piezo-ceramic plates can be actuated with an electron gun and a single distributed electrode of optical quality. The electron gun functions as a pointing device while varying the potential, referred to as backpressure, of the single electrode controls the magnitude of actuation. By using this method, future corrective optics may significantly surpass current design performance without significantly increasing system complexity.
In this paper the dynamic strain response of a piezoelectric material subjected to an electron beam charge input is examined. A piezoelectric material plate (PZT5h) was prepared with a single distributed electrode on one face and the second face subjected to a variety of electron beam inputs. Strain gages were attached atop the electrode to measure the strain response due to the combined effects of the electrode potential and the charge from the electron gun. When the electrode potential is stepped from 0 to 100 volts the strain needs only 1 second to reach steady state position, but when the electrode potential is stepped down it needs almost 1 minute to reach steady state. This phenomenon can be explained as follows: raising the electrode potential increases the energy of the electrons, so the secondary electron yield falls well below one and negative charge builds up quickly. Dropping the electrode potential decelerates the incoming beam, so the secondary yield becomes only slightly higher than one, so the negative charge decreases at a much lower rate, thus it takes longer to reach steady state.
Smart material patches are currently an impractical choice in applications requiring fine spatial resolution or control of complex areas. The static nature of electrodes, the conventional choice for control signal application to many smart materials, makes them unsuitable in these instances. To address this issue the use of electron guns as charge sources for smart material control is investigated in this paper. In the electron gun control method the need for separate electrodes and wire leads is eliminated by depositing the control charges directly on the surface of the piezoelectric material. Since piezoelectric materials are dielectrics the charges remain where deposited by the electron gun. The spatial resolution of this control method is as small as the spot size of the electron beam, which in a focused beam can be as small as tens of microns. Large areas can be covered by a single electron gun simply by scanning the beam using deflection plates. Some practical aspects of electron gun control are presented in this paper. A description of an experimental test bed assembled to evaluate electron gun control of PZT-5H is presented, as are results and conceptual models of the system behavior.
A power amplifier concept that considers both the electrical and mechanical nature of piezoelectric actuators is presented in this paper. It is referred to as a charge-recovery amplifier because it is designed to recover during actuator contraction the energy that is stored in the electric field of the actuator during extension. This is accomplished by creating a closed system with a flying capacitor that can be switched from a parallel configuration to a series configuration, effectively trapping the electric charge in the closed system and moving it between the piezoelectric actuator and the capacitor. Desired deflection levels within the range of the actuator are accomplished by switching the system at a high rate and using a pulse-width-modulation strategy.
Voltage control is by far the most common strategy for driving piezoelectric actuators, but it is, at times, handicapped by large, inefficient amplifiers and nonlinear piezoelectric actuator behavior. Optimizing voltage-feedback amplifiers for driving capacitive-type loads with amplifier schemes such as pulse-width-modulation promises to drastically reduce amplifier weight and improve efficiency. This development work is currently in progress and is discussed in this paper. Also presented are some methods that take advantage of direct charge control of piezoelectric actuators. Direct charge control removes much of the hysteresis that is inherent in voltage control so it is a likely option if a high level of positioning accuracy is needed in a given application. Unlike voltage-feedback control, charge amplifiers can accurately control a piezoactuator open loop. The main drawback to charge control is that periodic removal of charge bias is necessary to prevent actuator drift. Discussed are strategies that attempt to accomplish charge control while simultaneously avoiding actuator drift and conserving power.
The issue of precision position control is critical if piezoelectric actuator technology is to be applied in increasingly demanding applications. In one particular application, the NASA NAOMI project, piezoelectric actuators have been proposed as the pointing and focusing elements for thousands of small mirror-lenslets because of their fast response time and load- carrying ability. In this application the positions of these actuators must be precisely controlled both statically and dynamically to the nanometer level. This requirement necessitates a careful study of the concept and design of the driving electronics of the system. This paper is focused on finding an appropriate method for driving piezoelectric stack actuators for ultraprecision position and motion control. In this paper the theoretical basis of the electrical control of piezoelectric stack actuators is derived using the fundamental physical laws governing dielectrics and piezoceramics. It is shown that the relationships used for voltage control of piezoelectric actuators result from an approximation of the constitutive equations. An exact input/output relationship for piezoelectric actuators is derived and shows that displacement relies fundamentally on charge, not voltage. Experimental verification was obtained to illustrate the differences between driving piezoactuators with voltage control and charge control.
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