KEYWORDS: Missiles, Satellites, Defense and security, Sensors, Aerospace engineering, Digital signal processing, Infrared radiation, Space operations, Surveillance systems, Infrared sensors
The Ballistic Missile Defense System (BMDS) is a layered system incorporating elements in space. In addition to missile
warning systems at geosynchronous altitudes, an operational BMDS will include a low Earth orbit (LEO) system-the
Space Tracking and Surveillance System (STSS). It will use infrared sensing technologies synergistically with the Space
Based Infrared Systems (SBIRS) and will provide a seamless adjunct to radars and sensors on the ground and in airborne
platforms. STSS is being designed for a future operational capability to defend against evolving threats.
STSS development is divided into phases, commencing with a two-satellite demonstration constellation scheduled for
launch in 2008. The demonstration satellites will conduct a menu of tests and experiments to prove the system concept,
including the ground segment. They will have limited operational capability within the integrated BMDS. Data from the
demonstration satellites will be received and processed by the Missile Defense Space Experiment Center (MDSEC), a
part of the Missile Defense Integration and Operations Center (MDIOC).
MDA launched in 2007 into LEO a satellite (NFIRE) designed to make near-field multispectral measurements of
boosting targets and to demonstrate laser communication, the latter in conjunction with the German satellite TerraSAR-X.
The gimbaled, lightweight laser terminal has demonstrated on orbit a 5.5 gbps rate in both directions. The filter
passbands of NFIRE are similar to the STSS demonstrator track sensor. While providing useful phenomenology during
its time on orbit, NFIRE will also serve as a pathfinder in the development of STSS operations procedures.
Results from the latest of a series of joint U.S.-Russian programs investigating atmospheric effects on satellite remote
sensing systems are reported. Recent efforts were directed at obtaining metrologically supported experimental data for
validation, correction and verification of theoretical models describing scattering and polarization of IR radiation in
clouds containing particles in the crystalline phase. On-going experimental investigations are being carried out in fullsize
cloud chambers of the State Institution Research and Production Association (RPA) "Typhoon" under conditions
comparable with actual atmospheric conditions. A unique instrument and experimental setup has been created at the
Institute of Experimental Meteorology (IEM) of RPA "Typhoon". It includes the means to form clouds with prescribed
characteristics, a system controlling thermodynamics and microstructure of the particles formed, and an instrumentation
complex, spectrometer-polarimeter-indicatrix meter (SPIN), designed for the measurement of the polarization
characteristics of radiation scattered by cloud ice particles. The data obtained can be used to develop all-weather
observation systems and to define experiments for remote sounding and environmental monitoring of the Earth from
space.
Previous successful international cooperative efforts offer a wealth of experience in dealing with highly sensitive issues, but cooperative remote sensing for monitoring and understanding the global environmental is in the national interest of all countries. Cooperation between international partners is paramount, particularly with the Russian Federation, due to its technological maturity and strategic political and geographical position in the world. Based on experience gained over a decade of collaborative space research efforts, continued cooperation provides an achievable goal as well as understanding the fabric of our coexistence. Past cooperative space research efforts demonstrate the ability of the US and Russian Federation to develop a framework for cooperation, working together on a complex, state-of-the-art joint satellite program. These efforts consisted of teams of scientists and engineers who overcame numerous cultural, linguistic, engineering approaches and different political environments. Among these major achievements are: (1) field measurement activities with US satellites MSTI and MSX and the Russian RESURS-1 satellite, as well as the joint experimental use of the US FISTA aircraft; (2) successful joint Science, Conceptual and Preliminary Design Reviews; (3) joint publications of scientific research technical papers, (4) Russian investment in development, demonstration and operation of the Monitor-E spacecraft (Yacht satellite bus), (5) successful demonstration of the conversion of the SS-19 into a satellite launch system, and (6) negotiation of contractual and technical assistant agreements. This paper discusses a new generation of science and space capabilities available to the Remote Sensing community. Specific topics include: joint requirements definition process and work allocation for hardware and responsibility for software development; the function, description and status of Russian contributions in providing space component prototypes and test articles; summary of planned experimental measurements and simulations; results of the ROKOT launch system; performance of the Monitor-E spacecraft; prototype joint mission operations control center; and a Handbook for Success in satellite collaborative efforts based upon a decade of lessons learned.
John DeVore, A. Stair, Thomas Humpherys, Valery Sinelshchikov, Ilya Schiller, Victor Misnik, Vladimir Ivanov, Valery Kirichouk, Valery Abramov, John Watson, Dmitry Chvanov, Victor Privalsky
We describe joint U.S.-Russian Federation (RF) measurements of cloud scattering and polarization using the cloud chamber at Obninsk and field observations at Gorno-Altaysk. Cloud chamber experiments measure polarized scattering patterns of narrow distributions of ice crystals. These experiments may be supplemented with extended-range, intensity-only measurements. The U.S. team uses its scattering codes to verify intensity measurements involving oriented ice crystals, compares the orientation distributions with theory, and may field sensors to measure the total optical depth and the forward scattering properties of the particles in the cloud layer. Ice clouds present two serious impediments to electro-optical observation systems: clutter in short and mid-wave IR bands, and propagation loss when attempting to see through clouds. In high-altitude clouds, ice particles' mirror-like crystalline structure can produce intense "glint" features viewed from satellite sensors. Polarization can mitigate cloud clutter, since cloud-scattered sunlight is generally polarized, whereas point-source target signals are not. The effectiveness of polarization as a mitigant can in principle be modeled, but the models require validation, which must be based on carefully designed laboratory and field experiments.
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