Preventive medicine is growing in importance, with vascular stiffness being a key factor. Blood flow velocity plays a crucial role in assessing vascular health. If velocity exceeds 12 m/s, it indicates an unhealthy vascular condition. Traditional methods of measuring blood flow velocity involve contact-based systems, but there is a rising demand for non-contact alternatives. Two common non-contact methods are Doppler laser interferometry and shearing-speckle interferometry. The latter is simpler, cost-effective, and mitigates the impact of body movement. This study aimed to develop a blood flow velocity measurement device using shearing-speckle interferometry. Experimental results demonstrated successful estimation of blood flow velocity using this method, showing potential for its application in preventive medicine to monitor and diagnose vascular stiffness.
We succeeded in reducing image acquisition time while maintaining image quality by applying a profile sensor (PS) to compressed imaging (CI).
Single pixel imaging (SPI) has been proposed as a method to reconstruct a two-dimensional image using only a point detector. However, SPI’s disadvantage is a long acquisition time. We applied a PS to CI and show that it reduces acquisition time. A PS is an area sensor with pixels arranged in a two-dimensional array, but the output is a projection of the image in the x and y directions.
We construct highly repetitive low-coherence interferometer using time-stretch technique and confirm its basic characteristics. The experimental system consists of a mode-locked laser diode (MLLD), a time-stretcher, an optical interferometer, a photodiode (PD), and a real-time oscilloscope. The ultra-short pulse from MLLD was passed through a dispersion flat fiber to generate supercontinuum light with 23.5 nm wavelength bandwidth. Repetition frequency of the laser pulse is set to be 10 MHz by the LiNbO3 modulator, and then it feeds to a time-stretcher composed of a dispersion compensation fiber (DCF) with a wavelength dispersion of 8959 ps2. The pulse width after passing through the timestretcher is 28.2 ns. The fiber-optic Michelson interferometer consists of a 50:50 optical fiber coupler, two collimating lenses, an objective lens and two reflective mirrors. Interference signals are detected by a photodiode (32 GHz) and recorded by a real-time oscilloscope (16 GHz, 50 GS/s). The temporal profile of the recorded interference signal is converted to an optical frequency profile. The optical path length difference is determined by Fourier transform of the spectrum. We demonstrate a preliminary measurement on the experimental system. The calculated path length difference agrees well with the actual set values. It is confirmed that the optical path length difference can be measured at a high repetition rate of 10 MHz. It is shown that the degradation of the interference signal can be prevented by considering the second order of the group delay of the DCF.
We have developed a three-dimensional tracking system for microscopes. Using the
astigmatic lens method and a CMOS image sensor, we realize a rapid detection of a target position
in a wide range. We demonstrate a target tracking using the developed system.
An ultra-intense short pulse laser induces a shock wave in material. The pressure of shock compression is stronger than a few tens GPa. To characterize shock waves, time-resolved velocity measurement in nano- or pico-second time scale is needed. Frequency domain interferometer and chirped pulse laser provide single-shot time-resolved measurement. We have developed a laser-driven shock compression system and frequency domain interferometer with CPA laser. In this paper, we show the principle of velocity measurement using a frequency domain interferometer and a chirped pulse laser. Next, we numerically calculated spectral interferograms and show the time-resolved velocity measurement can be done from the phase analysis of spectral interferograms. Moreover we conduct the laser driven shock generation and shock velocity measurement. From the spectral fringes, we analyze the velocities of the sample and shockwaves.
High-sensitivity low-coherence dynamic light scattering (LC-DLS) is a powerful technique for measuring particle sizes in dense suspensions without the need for dilution. We have developed an LC-DLS system with a single-mode (SM)- fiber probe system and small container that can be used to hold samples of 10μL in volume. The system can be applied to lysozyme of a few nm in diameter. We have developed an angle-resolved SM-fiber probe system that is able to identify particle motion type and we verified our design by identifying the diffusion modes of particles in a polystyrene suspension.
High-sensitivity low-coherence DLS apply to measurement of particle size distribution of pigments suspended in a ink. This method can be apply to extremely dense and turbid media without dilution. We show the temporal variation of particle size distribution of thixotropy and sedimentary pigments due to aggregation, agglomerate, and sedimentation. Moreover, we demonstrate the influence of dilution of ink to particle size distribution.
KEYWORDS: Scattering, Light scattering, Monte Carlo methods, Computer simulations, 3D image reconstruction, 3D image processing, Multiple scattering, Photons, Mass attenuation coefficient, Biological research
We analyzed the propagation of light in inhomogeneous scattering medium using voxel-based Monte-Carlo simulation with a new algorithm. We demonstrated the path-length distributions and three dimensional image of scattering properties reconstructed form simulated path-length distributions.
In this report, we propose a zero-method interferometer by means of dynamic generation of reference wave front using
liquid crystal type spatial light modulator (LCoS-SLM). This interferometer was developed to aim to measure the shape
of complex plane, such as aspherical plane. It is difficult for interferometer to measure such a surface which include large
inclination, because of the problem of saturation of interference fringe. To overcome this problem, and to enlarge the
dynamic range of interferometer, we attempted to combine interferometer and zero-method. Zero-method is
characterized by its wide dynamic range. To apply zero-method to interferometer, SLM is adopted to configure variable
reference surface. The basic configuration of the developed interferometer is Twyman-Green interferometer. A SLM is
placed instead of reference mirror. In this interferometer, the shape of a target is measured using interference between
object wave front and reference wave front that is generated using SLM. At first, the SLM generates flat wave front. And
the detected phase map is fed back to the SLM. Then the difference between object wave front and detected phase map
in the first turn. The operation is recursively repeated until the phase range of detected phase map becomes under the
threshold. Then the generated wave front should become equal to the target shape. In this report, the basic idea of zeromethod
interferometer using LCoS-SLM is verified through several numbers of simulative experiments.
We have developed a high-sensitivity, low-coherence dynamic light scattering system for the measurement of particles a
few tens of nanometers in size. A Mach-Zehnder interferometer and a confocal optical system were adopted for
improved sensitivity to scattered light intensity. The developed system can detect scattered light 3000 times weaker than
that detectable by a previous system. We applied the newly developed system to measure the particle size distribution of
10 vol.% polystyrene particles with an average diameter of 13 nm. The obtained particle size distribution agreed quite
well with a distribution determined by transmission electron microscopy.
Using a new algorithm of Monte-Carlo simulation, we simulate the propagation of scattered light under the restricted
optical configurations which is corresponds to practical experimental setups of OCTs and DOTs. We demonstrate the
path-length distributions of scattered light and the dependence of the distributions of scattering points on the path-length
and the scattering order. From numerical results, we discuss the dependence of propagation of scattered light on the
scattering order and path-length. This algorithm can speedy and accurately simulate the multiple scattering phenomena
under the restricted optical configurations compared with the conventional Monte-Carlo simulation.
In this report, lens testing method for small lenses is discussed. Cylindrical or aspherical lenses are included to the scope
of this report in addition to spherical lenses. A shearing interferometer is applied for the measurement. That consists of a
plane parallel plate for inducing lateral shear for the test beam. This method is robust to disturbances because it is a
common path interferometry. Moreover it is not necessary to prepare reference lens. For these reasons it can be said that
this method is practical and is good for using at actual factories.
Power spectrum of dynamically scattered light measured via a low-coherence interferometer is theoretically studied. It is shown that low-coherence interferometer is available for measuring a path-length-resolved spectrum and a path-length distribution of light multiply scattered from a dense suspension.
The colloidal crystallization of fine particles is a phenomenon of great interest in connection with the fabrication of photonic crystals. In this report, a new fabrication method is proposed, which is based on self- arrangement and self-assembly of particles generated under the radiation pressure of a focused laser beam, i.e., gradient and scattering forces, and capillary force occurred during the desiccation process, respectively. The hexagonal structure in the Fourier-transformed patterns of 2D colloidal crystals shows that a triangular lattice structure is successfully fabricated by the proposed method. This report is concerned with the principle of newly proposed method, capturing and self-arranging particles by the radiation pressure, self-assembling particles by the capillary force, enlarging the colloidal crystal, and verifying the production of the triangular lattice structure in the crystal of particles.
Self-organization of sub-micron particles in the colloidal suspensions is an attractive phenomenon in the manufacture of photonic crystals. In this report, we carry out Monte Carlo simulations of the self-arrangement of particles under the illumination of the focused laser beam. It is based on the Metropolis algorithm with a periodic boundary condition for a canonical ensemble. The radiation pressure in the focused laser beam and the interaction induced by both the van der Waals attraction and the screened Coulomb repulsion exerted between particles are taking into account. Because the simulations are restricted to the two-dimensional space, the radiation pressure is approximated to a gradient force that makes to move particles into the area with the stronger intensity. We successfully show that particles are gathered into the illuminating area by the gradient force of the focused laser beam and spontaneously organize the periodic structure. On the other hand, the periodic structure is not organized under the weak radiation pressure though the particles are gathered into the illuminated area.
The ultimate purpose of our research is to demonstrate experimentally the relationship of the deformation and aggregation of red blood cells to the viscosity of blood. We need to measure simultaneously the viscosity of blood and the aggregation of red blood cells. Therefore, we propose a new method to measure simultaneously the viscosity of fluid and the aggregation of particles. The method is developed by combining a cone-plate viscometer with the technique of the particle sizing based on the dynamic light scattering. We show theoretically that a temporal autocorrelation function on the intensity basis is a square of a sum of the autocorrelation functions on the amplitude basis of light scattered from particles and the dynamic speckle produced from the rough surface of a rotating cone in the viscometer. The theoretical prediction is confirmed by experiments for using the solutions of polystyrene latex particles.
We analyze the polarization state in the enhanced backscattering of light under the double-scattering approximation. The asymptotic expansion of the enhanced backscattering of light is derived for simplicity. The spatial polarization anisotropy of the enhanced backscattering are numerically demonstrated. It is shown theoretically that the decreasing behavior of intensity distribution depends on the fractal dimension of aggregated particles.
The dynamic light scattering has been a powerful tool in measuring the size of a cluster produced by particle aggregation. This technique can be applied to only tenuous or diluted media since it has been developed on the basis of the single scattering theory. In the recent years, in situ monitoring of the aggregation process in dense scattering media has been needed in the biological diagnostics and chemical industry. We investigate a temporal autocorrelation function of light scattered multiply from aggregated particles in dense colloidal suspensions. In the experiments, the particle distribution was controlled by adding the NaCl solution to the colloidal suspension of polystyrene latex beads at 10% volume fraction. It is shown that the temporal autocorrelation function is composed from the contributions of single and multiple scatterings of light. The relaxation time of the temporal autocorrelation function increases as the aggregation of particles progresses and, therefore, its variation is related with the growth of clusters. Moreover, we estimate the number of particles included inside one cluster using the decreasing rate of the temporal autocorrelation function of the single or the multiply scattered light. As a result, the components of single and multiple scatterings of light are available for the measurements of the clusters composed from a few particles and of many particles, respectively.
To coherently backscattered light from a dense disordered medium generates an intensity peak in the far field due to the constructive interference in the time-reversal pairs of light. The spatial properties of the particle distribution in the suspension affect characteristics of the peak intensity distribution. In our report, the coherently backscattered light from particles aggregated in dense and absorbent colloidal suspensions is experimentally investigated with relation to the fractal dimension of media. The investigation is concerned with a decreasing slope in the intensity distribution. Dense colloidal suspensions of polystyrene latex spheres are used in the experiment and the aggregation of particles is induced by adding the NaCl solution to colloidal suspensions. As a result, the decreasing slope in intensity distribution changes suddenly at an amount of NaCl solution, which implies the fractal clusters form in the dense suspension. The quantitative estimations for the dimensions of media reveal that the dimension estimated from the copolarized intensity depends both on the distribution of clusters and on the spatial structure inside a cluster whereas the cross- polarized intensity depends only on the spatial structure inside a cluster. Furthermore, it is clearly shown that such a decreasing behavior is independent of absorption.
The size of particles dispersed in a dense disordered medium is estimated from the transport mean free path-length by using the coherent backscattering effect. The influence of the particle aggregation is also clarified. It is concluded that this method is available to measure simultaneously the averaged particle size and the dispersion state of particles in the dense colloidal suspension.
The reproducible models of biomedical optics, the measurements of chemical compounds, the aggregations of particles and so on require the statistical space-time properties of the multiply scattered light in laboratories to be analyzed quantitatively. A cluster-cluster structure in fractal media is replaced with a polydisperse random medium by renormalizing a cluster to a particle. As the particle size-distributions, a simple summation of particles with two radii, a Gaussian function and a power law function were used in numerical simulations. The light scattered from particles inside a cluster affects a decreasing rate of the backscattering intensity cone but not a relaxation time of autocorrelation functions of the time- varying intensity. On the contrary, the movement of the cluster affects strongly the relaxation time through the diffusion constant but not a decreasing rate of the backscattering intensity enhancement. As a result, it is concluded that the temporal autocorrelation functions of the time-varying light intensity scattered multiply from the cluster-cluster structure are applicable to measure the averaged cluster size of aggregations.
This report concerns with investigations on the spatial polarization anisotropy of a backscattered intensity pattern produced at a boundary plane between a scattering medium and surroundings under illumination of a focused laser beam. The investigations are conducted by means of Monte Carlo simulations based on a free pathlength distribution function of the fractal medium, a phase function of the Rayleigh-Debye scattering theory, and a negative-exponential decay of the propagating light by absorption. In this report, we demonstrate numerically the spatial polarization anisotropy of the intensity distribution produced at the boundary plane between the medium and the surroundings, a bow-tie intensity pattern for the co-polarization and a cloverleaf intensity pattern for the cross-polarization, and their dependence on the fractal dimension of the medium. Consequently, we can discuss the validity of our model and algorithm for the fractal medium as the scattering object by studying the dependences of the polarization properties of the multiply- backscattered light on the dimension, the scattering order, and the absorption in comparison with the case of the non- fractal medium.
A study on the multiply-backscattered light with low scattering orders form a strongly absorbent medium where the light can hardly propagate is of benefit to the metrology in biophysics, chemistry, and others. This report is concerned with the investigations on a spatial intensity distribution and a temporal autocorrelation function of the time-varying light backscattered coherently from aggregated particles in uniformly random and fractal media. The investigations were conducted by means of Monte Carlo simulation based on the Rayleigh-Debye scattering theory. In the spatial intensity distribution, the peak intensity of an enhancement cone decreases for the co-polarized intensity but increases for the cross-polarized intensity with an increase of the absorption while its width for both cases spreads. A fractal dimension of the medium affects a decreasing rate of the intensity cone, independently of the absorption. In the temporal correlation, the absorption influences a decay of the autocorrelation function in the short delayed time in such a way that the relaxation time increases consistently with the absorption. A decreasing feature of the autocorrelation function the long delayed time depend on the fractal dimension rather than the absorption but its effect is not so remarkable. In the report, we reveal the spatial and temporal features of coherently-backscattered intensity variations with relation to the occurrence rates of the pathlength and the scattering order in the light propagating from the incidence to the exit.
The enhanced backscattering or weak localization of light in the laser light scattered multiply from highly disordered media has attracted a great deal of attention as a visual precursor of the Anderson localization. It is known that the constructive interference between the waves travelling along the time-forward and the time- reversed paths produces the intensity peak in the direction of retroreflection, depending on the polarization of scattering light, the particle size, the fraction of solution and so on' ). The remarkable spatial properties of the enhanced backscattering reflects on the temporal ones. It was experimentally shown that the temporal correlation function of backscattered light varies with the scattering angle depending on the polarization2'3). We investigate the dependence of the temporal correlation of the enhanced backscattered light on both the polarization of scattering light and the particle size of solution by considering its relation with the spatial properties. Investigations are conducted from the theoretical analysis based on the diffuse approximation, a Monte Calro simulation and an experiment. We demonstrate the remarkable spatial variation of the relaxation time depending on the direction of the polarization and the particle size.
Intensity enhancement in the multiple scattering from highly disordered media is produced in the direction of retroreflection, and is called weak localization of light or enhanced backscattering1). It is well known for the scattering from uniform random media that the intensity peak decreases in inverse proportion to the backscattering angle2). However, it was experimentally shown that a decreasing behavior is broken for a random medium with a fractal structure produced by the aggregation of particles3). Due to the difficulty in controlling the fractal dimension of scattering media, there is no quantitative study on the enhanced backscattering produced from fractal media. In this report, we investigate quantitatively the dependence of the intensity peak on the fractal dimension (cluster dimension) by using Monte Carlo simulations.
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