Dr. Larry C. Olsen Profile

Dr. Larry C. Olsen

Staff Scientist at Pacific Northwest National Lab

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Proceedings Article | 10 September 2008 Paper

Approaches to encapsulation of flexible CIGS cells

L. Olsen, M. Gross, G. Graff, S. Kundu, Xi Chu, Steve Lin

Proceedings Volume 7048, 70480O (2008) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.796104

KEYWORDS: Copper indium gallium selenide, Polymers, Multilayers, Zinc oxide, Positron emission tomography, Thin film coatings, Polymer thin films, Solar cells, Glasses, Oxides

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Thin-film solar cells based on CIGS are being considered for large scale power plants as well as building integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) applications. Past studies indicate that CIGS cells degrade rapidly when exposed to moisture. As a result, an effective approach to encapsulation is required for CIGS cells to satisfy the international standard IEC 61646. CIGS modules fabricated for use in large power plants can be encapsulated with glass sheets on the top and bottom surfaces and can be effectively sealed around the edges. In the case of BIPV applications, however, it is desirable to utilize CIGS cells grown on flexible substrates, both for purposes of achieving reduced weight and for cases involving non-flat surfaces. For these cases, approaches to encapsulation must be compatible with the flexible substrate requirement. Even in the case of large power plants, the glass-to-glass approach to encapsulation may eventually be considered too costly. We are investigating encapsulation of flexible CIGS cells by lamination. Sheets of PET or PEN coated with multilayer barrier coatings are used to laminate the flexible cells. Results are discussed for laminated cells from two CIGS manufacturers. In both cases, the cell efficiency decreases less than 10% after 1000 hours of exposure to an environment of 85°C/85%RH. This paper discusses these two approaches, and reviews results for uncoated cells and mini-modules fabricated by the former Shell Solar Industries (SSI).

Proceedings Article | 15 January 2007 Paper

Magnetron-sputtered nanolaminate and superlattice coatings

P. Martin, L. Olsen, W. Bennett, C. Henager

Proceedings Volume 6403, 640310 (2007) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.697296

KEYWORDS: Superlattices, Quantum wells, Optical coatings, Silicon, Thermoelectric materials, Sputter deposition, Thin films, Crystals, Mirrors, Germanium

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Thin film superlattice materials can exhibit physical, optical and mechanical properties very different and superior to those of single layer counterparts. In the past fifteen years, hard coating, optical and electrical device technologies have advanced beyond the use of single layer coatings with the development of nanoscale compositionally modulated coatings, or superlattices and nanocomposites. A typical superlattice consists of hundreds to thousands of nm-scale layers with alternating compositions and/or crystalline phases. It is possible to engineer the electrical and mechanical properties by choice of layer thicknesses and compositions. Typical layer thicknesses are between 2 and 100 nm. We report of three types of superlattice coatings: (1) AlN/Si3N₄ optical superlattice for abrasion protection of ZnS IR windows, (2) Al/Cu structural superlattices and (3) advanced thermoelectric superlattices. All superlattice coatings were deposited by DC and RF reactive magnetron sputtering. The AlN/Si3N₄ superlattice had layer thicknesses of 2 nm and exhibited a nanohardness of 35 GPa. The Al/Cu superlattice had layer thicknesses of 1.5 nm and a hardness near 6.5 GPa and is being developed for lightweight optics for space applications. The thermoelectric superlattice demonstrated a figure of merit (ZT) ~ 1.5 and is being developed for power generation from waste heat sources.

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