Mie theory of spherical particle is introduced in this paper. Using Mie theory, scattering energy
distribution of typical-size cloud droplet is presented, as well as the relative intensity collected in
certain solid angle of different size droplet. An airborne probe of cloud droplet is designed based
on the Mie theory. In this probe, a 685nm diode laser is used to illuminate the cloud droplets in the
sensitive volume. The scattering energy between 4°and 12°(solid angle) of forward scattering is
collected. From the energy of the forward scattering, the sizes of the cloud droplets can be
obtained. In the system, an aspheric lens system is used to provide uniform illumination with high
use efficiency of laser. Most of the key parameters of the receiving optics system are presented,
the designed deep of field (DOF) is 3mm. With this probe, the cloud droplet concentration of size
between 4-50um can be measured.
In this paper the simulated space-based high spectral resolution atmospheric infrared sounder (AIRS) infrared radiances with different cloud top heights and effective cloud fractions are used to demonstrate the measurement sensitivity and atmospheric profile retrieval performance. The simulated cloudy retrieval of atmospheric temperature and moisture derived from the statistical eigenvector regression algorithm are analyzed with different effective cloud fractions and different cloud height. The temperature and humidity root-mean-square error with cloud fraction ranging from 0.1 to 1.0 (with interval of 0.1) for cloud height (200, 300, 500, 700 and 850 hPa) known perfectly and cloud height error of 50 hPa are computed. Results show that the root-mean-square error of retrieved temperature and the mixed ratio of water vapor below the cloud top increase with effective cloud fraction. The retrieval accuracy of the cloud height error of 50 hPa decrease comparing with the cloud height known perfectly, while the temperature retrieval is more sensitive to cloud height error than humidity retrieval.
In this paper the simulated space-based high spectral resolution infrared radiances with different cloud top heights and
effective cloud fractions are used to demonstrate the measurement sensitivity and atmospheric profile retrieval
performance. The simulated cloudy retrieval of atmospheric temperature and moisture derived from the statistical
eigenvector regression algorithm are analyzed with and without the cloud top height classification. Collocated cloudy
AIRS (the Atmospheric InfraRed Sounder) and the associated clear MODIS (the Moderate Resolution Imaging
Spectroradiomete) infrared observations within the AIRS field of view (FOV) are also used to demonstrate the profile
retrieval improvement below the cloud layer. The results show that the knowledge of cloud height is critical to sounding
retrieval performance. In addition this paper has demonstrated that the use of collocated clear MODIS multi-spectral
imager data along with the AIRS high spectral resolution infrared radiances can greatly improve the single FOV cloudy
retrieval even under opaque cloudy condition.
The high-spectral-resolution AIRS (Atmospheric InfraRed Sounder) instrument onboard the NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration) Earth Observing System (EOS)-Aqua satellite represents the most advanced sounding system in space and provides unprecedented wealth of highly accurate radiance measurements. This paper describes a standalone and fast single field-of-view (FOV) algorithm to retrieve atmospheric sounding profiles (temperature, humidity, ozone) and surface parameters (surface skin temperature, surface emissivity) from AIRS Level 1B (L1B) clear only infrared radiance measurements. The retrieval algorithm is part of the International MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer)/AIRS Processing Package (IMAPP) software package, which provides international users with the capability of receiving and processing direct broadcast data in real-time. The IMAPP AIRS retrieval algorithm is based on principal component regression to obtain fast and accurate estimates of the atmospheric state at single FOV. This algorithm is designed specifically for real-time direct broadcast applications where sounding products can be processed efficiently at highest possible spatial resolution. Simulated radiance data is trained on a global set of profiles, representative of a wide variety of atmospheric scenes, which makes the algorithm globally applicable. The results presented and discussed in this paper demonstrate that the IMAPP AIRS retrieval product is rigorously evaluated by various product sources such as numerical weather prediction model analysis fields, retrieved parameters from the operational AIRS L2 product and data from other instruments.
The direct assimilation of satellite-measured infrared radiances into numerical weather prediction and cloud sounding applications is currently prohibited when these measurements include cloud radiative effects. The difficulty arises from the microphysical complexity of clouds and their radiative responses that are only now being adequately modeled for current and next generation satellite sensors. The parameterization of cloud properties to deliver much needed im-provements in speed and accuracy of forward radiative transfer models is still under development. Indirect use of cloud-contaminated radiances by way of cloud-cleared radiances has thus become the initial focus of efforts to improve the spatial density of useful satellite radiance measurements. This is particularly important for satellite sensors with relatively wide fields of view as the probability of entirely cloud-free observations can be surprisingly low. Two classes of cloud-cleared radiance retrieval approaches developed so far comprise the synergistic use of 1) collo-cated infrared and microwave measurements, and 2) collocated infrared imaging and sounding measurements. For example, AIRS/AMSU and AIRS/MODIS cloud-cleared algorithms are being demonstrated by NASA Earth Observing System and are to be adopted by NPP/NPOESS that have similar measurements available from the instrument suites CrIS/ATMS and CrIS/VIIRS. In this paper, the characteristics of these cloud-cleared radiances and their potential for numerical weather prediction and cloudy sounding applications are evaluated. Preliminary results have shown that these two approaches, though quite different in character, are both effective and complementary. Where microwave measurements are unavailable, the synergistic imaging/sounding approach to cloud-clearing is the only reliable indirect use of cloud-contaminated infrared measurements, as is the case for geostationary platforms due to the antenna requirements for a meteorologically useful microwave radiometer at 35,000 km.
Two classes of cloud-cleared radiances retrieval approaches developed so far comprise the synergistic use of 1) collocated infrared and microwave measurements, and 2) collocated infrared imaging and sounding measurements that is discussed in detail in the companion paper entitle "Evaluation of Cloud-Cleared Radiances for Numerical Weather Prediction and Cloud Contaminated Sounding Applications" [1]. In that paper AIRS/AMSU and AIRS/MODIS cloud-cleared algorithms are discussed and their performance evaluated. The focus of this paper is to present additional examples and statistics for not only cloud-cleared radiances but also cloud-cleared retrieval of temperature and water vapor.
A great need exists amongst X-band direct broadcast regional users for near real-time, high spatial resolution cloud detection and cloud property retrieval to support regional interdisciplinary applications. As part of the International MODIS and AIRS Processing Package (IMAPP), the objective treatment of spatial and spectral information, including principal component and residual techniques, is provided by the AIRS single field of view clear and cloud detection and cloud property retrieval algorithm. This algorithm, known as Minimum Local Emissivity Variance (MLEV), is used to retrieve both cloud height and cloud spectral emissivity. The ECMWF model analysis is used to demonstrate that high quality clear radiances can improve the yield and quality of cloud spectral emissivity and height, quantities that are precursors to retrieving cloud micro-physical properties and cloudy sounding profiles. In this paper we describe in detail the procedure employed to achieve this goal. The use of cloud spectral emissivity and height in retrieving cloud micro-physical properties is discussed together with their utility in identifying cloud contaminated soundings in the IMAPP AIRS only single field of view retrieval.
In this paper we present regional high spatial resolution sounding products from MODIS and AIRS data processed by both stand-alone and synergistic retrieval approaches. These unique regional high spatial resolution (at sensor’s single field of view) atmospheric sounding products such as temperature, total precipitable water and surface temperature can provide valuable information for regional near-real time weather monitoring and meso-scale synoptic analysis, and other local environmental applications. Performance comparison between stand-alone and fusion products will assist validation effort and lead to the refinement of processing algorithms. Synergistic utilization of MODIS and AIRS data will also demonstrate the complementary information content provided by two different sensors and will pave the way for future optimal amalgamation of imaging and sounding data.
The relationship between attenuation coefficient, k, and radar reflectivity factor, Z, as well as that between Z and rainfall rate, I, is influenced by the shape of precipitating raindrops and the orientation of their rotatory axes respect to the polarization direction of the incident radar wave. Provided that the orientation of rotatory axes of poly-disperse small spheroid particles is known, correctable thickness of radar echo for attenuation depends mainly on rainfall rate. The heavier the rainfall rate, the thinner the correctable thickness. For an 80mm/hour precipitation uniformly distributed along a radial direction, correctable thickness of radar echo is more than 120km for 5.6cm wavelength and about 50km for 3.2cm if correction algorithm R2 or R3 is used. Orientation information is critically important during attenuation correction. Right k-Z relationship must be coupled with right orientation status.
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