We present an extremely efficient rigorous vector electromagnetic analysis of field distribution and power flow in grating coupled surface emitting structures. The developed technique is based on constructing an artificially periodic structure of identical grating coupled device cells separated by anisotropic magnetic/electric perfect matching layers. The resulting periodic multi-layered structure is analyzed using the RCWA combined with a very efficient scattering matrix recursive technique. Calculated distributions of the electric and magnetic field components within the structure as well as the fields coupled into the output regions and into the substrate for typical devices are presented. Field distribution and power flow in the longitudinal and in the transverse directions in the structure are determined for the first time to our knowledge.
We present an overview of the current status of optics education at the Center for Research and Education in Optics and Lasers (CREOL) and the University of Central Florida (UCF). The academic organizational structure of this interdisciplinary program is outlined. Three graduate MS and Ph.D. degree programs in optical science and engineering, electro-optics, and optical physics are offered and coordinated by CREOL. The infrastructure, faculty, and research facilities dedicated to the optics education program are presented. Details of the admission, articulation, degree requirements, optics course offerings, thesis/dissertation research activities, and typical plans of study are included.
With the present trends toward miniaturization, the demand for complex optical elements with surface features is increasing. If these complex optical elements, such as Fresnel and diffractive optics, are fabricated in glass they should be superior to plastic, both in optical quality and environmental stability. To demonstrate the replication of diffractive and Fresnel optics, Fresnel lenses were prepared by a sol-gel molding technique. The optical quality and performance and dimensional characteristics of the lenses are reported. Optical and physical properties tested included glass homogeneity, UV/VIS/NIR transmission, light scattering and surface profilometry. Optical performance testing indicated that these glass Fresnel lenses are as good as their parent plastic Fresnel lenses from which they are molded.
A technique for real time direct measurement of both the amplitude and phase of photorefractive space charge fields during grating formation is presented. Photorefractive gratings are formed by the interference pattern of two intensity modulated beams. The two beams are single sideband modulated at the same RF frequency but are of opposite frequency shift. A detector tuned to the modulation frequency is used to monitor the time development of both the amplitude and phase of the photorefractive grating using a heterodyne detection scheme. This technique provides substantial dynamic range and the necessary sensitivity for the detection of refractive index changes as small as 10-8 and phase changes as small as 1 degree(s). Data is presented for the build-up of the amplitude and phase of the photorefractive space-charge fields. The photorefractive physical properties of these crystals including diffusion transport length, photovoltaic transport length, screening length, and the mobility free carrier lifetime product are determined.
A design technique for multi-level binary optic structures that exhibit very low broadband reflectivity at oblique incidence is developed. The multi-level binary grating structures are equivalent to multi-layer thin film antireflection coating systems synthesized by the step-down inhomogeneous film technique. The design is shown to produce reflectivity of less than a few percentage points over a broadband optical spectra and over a wide range of the angles of incidence for unpolarized light. Designs for minimum reflection for unpolarized light are obtained for a two, three, and four-level binary system over a specified light wavelength range and angle of incidence. It is shown that three or four level systems are sufficient to produce very low reflectivity. It is also shown that the grating spacing does not have to be less than half the light wavelength to achieve this low broadband reflectivity.
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