An adaptive system based on a model-free optimization technique (stochastic parallel gradient descent optimization) is used to correct the aberration in a model of the human eye. The system is composed of a digital camera and a 37 electrode MEMS mirror connected to a computer. Static as well as slowly changing dynamic aberrations are corrected with the system.
In dynamic light scattering (DLS), the structure or material of interest, suspended in a fluid, is illuminated by a beam of laser light and the scattered light is interpreted in terms of diffusion coefficient, particle size or its distribution. DLS has shown clear promise as a non-invasive, objective and precise diagnostic modality for investigation of lens opacity (cataract) and other medical and toxicological problems. The clinical potential of LDS has been demonstrated in several species both in vivo and in vitro. In many clinical cases, discernment between normal and diseased patients is possible by simple inspection of the particle size distribution. However a more rigorous and sensitive classification scheme is needed, particularly for evaluation of therapy and estimation of tissue injury. The data supplied by DLS investigation is inherently multivariate and its most efficient interpretation requires a multivariate approach which includes the variability among specimens as well as any correlation among the variables (e.g. across the particle size distribution). We present a brief review of DLS methodology, illustrative data and our efforts toward a diagnostic classification scheme. In particular we will describe application of the Mahalanobis distance and related statistical methods to DLS data.
The absence of verbal feedback, available from most human patients, is a major limitation in veterinary diagnosis in general and in the evaluation of ophthalmic lens opacity in particular. A novel compact dynamic light scattering (DLS) instrument, developed at NASA, offers significant mitigation to this limitation. It not only yields objective repeatable non-invasive estimation of lens opacity but also provides insight into the nature of chemical and physical alternations in the lens and other eye structures. For example, DLS measurements of the cataractous lens may be interpreted in terms of alpha crystalline protein size. In contrast to most conventional methods, the examination results are numerical and readily accommodate statistical analysis. We present results of DLS measurements in laboratory rabbits with naphthalene induced cataracts, rodents with genetically conditioned hypertension and/or diabetes mellitus; as well as applications of the DLS method in clinical veterinary patients. Use of DLS in examination of phacoemulsification fluid, urine and other biological materials, and potential applications in ocular toxically will also be discussed.
The refractive index matching of components of highly scattering tissue has a strong influence on its transmittance and reflectance what can be considered as a new tool for imaging within relatively thick tissues. We present experimental data on various solutions, gels and oils influence on optical properties of in vivo human eye and in vivo human skin. The dynamics of tissue optical properties depending on matter diffusion rate within tissue is studied. The possible application of refractive index matching effect for diffusing-photon imaging is discussed.
The dielectric and magnetic influence on human cells have been widely studied previously by the authors. Recently, the effects of energy in the visible electromagnetic spectrum have been investigated. In this subsequent study, the photonic effects on the in vitro migration of the polymorphonuclear and mononuclear leukocytes are compared with the corresponding electromagnetic field effects. Dielectric spectra of the polymorph in the 300 KHz to 400 KHz and 700 KHz to 800 KHz range have been measured. At frequencies of 350 KHz and 720 KHz an increase in the migration of the polymorphonuclear leukocyte have been observed. This stimulation was attributed to the charges on the nuclear surface. Recent preliminary data have shown a similar increased migration in the 20 MHz range. Photonic studies have indicated an enhanced migration for the polymorphonuclear leukocytes at a wavelength of 660 nm (red) and an inhibited migration at 565 nm (green). The photonic effects were postulated to be the results of a biochemical interaction rather than a membranous surface charge displacement secondary to an electric field. The migration of the white blood cells were measurement via the Boyden chamber technique and expressed in terms of a cytokinetic index which expresses the cellular movement independent of its environmental concentration gradient.
The human iris possesses characteristics that make it significantly more robust for use as a biometric identifier when compared with conventional techniques such as fingerprints, face recognition or retinal scan. The iris is an overt body, thereby allowing a remote acquisition system to capture the image. Visual patterns in individual irises are highly distinctive and clearly apparent thereby minimizing the likelihood of false positives and false negatives enrollments. Such visual iris patterns are stable over time thereby requiring a single enrollment that can last over the user's lifetime. Furthermore, the digital information of the iris can be coded very effectively, requiring a modest amount of computer storage and processing. This paper describes an automated system which allows non-intrusive acquisition of quality iris images for the purposes of enrollment, verification or identification. In essence, user locale within a prescribed volume and unobtrusive gaze toward the image acquisition devices are the only engineering hardware criteria for enrollment and verification. The device operates with non- visible near infrared illumination. The initial image acquisition uses a stereo camera pair (3D vision) system to locate the subject within a relatively large operational volume. The resulting coordinates of the user's right or left eye are used to position a pan/tilt mirror and focus mechanism associated with a higher magnification camera. This camera, called the narrow field of view (NFOV) camera, is then used to acquire a high contrast fine resolution iris image which is presented to a proprietary algorithm for the generation of an 'iris code.' Finally the computed iris code is compared to a previously stored enrollment code associated with the user for verification.
Procedurally, excimer photorefractive keratectomy is based on the refractive correction of composite spherical and cylindrical ophthalmic errors of the entire eye. These refractive errors are inputted for correction at the corneal plane and for the properly controlled duration and location of laser energy. Topography is usually taken to correspondingly monitor spherical and cylindrical corneorefractive errors. While a corneal topographer provides surface morphologic information, the keratorefractive photoablation is based on the patient's spherical and cylindrical spectacle correction. Topography is at present not directly part of the procedural deterministic parameters. Examination of how corneal curvature at each of the keratometric reference loci affect the shape of the resultant corneal photoablated surface may enhance the accuracy of the desired correction. The objective of this study was to develop a methodology to utilize corneal topography for construction of models depicting pre- and post-operative keratomorphology for analysis of photorefractive keratectomy. Multiple types of models were developed then recreated in optical design software for examination of focal lengths and other optical characteristics. The corneal models were developed using data extracted from the TMS I corneal modeling system (Computed Anatomy, New York, NY). The TMS I does not allow for manipulation of data or differentiation of pre- and post-operative surfaces within its platform, thus models needed to be created for analysis. The data were imported into Matlab where 3D models, surface meshes, and contour plots were created. The data used to generate the models were pre- and post-operative curvatures, heights from the corneal apes, and x-y positions at 6400 locations on the corneal surface. Outlying non-contributory points were eliminated through statistical operations. Pre- and post- operative models were analyzed to obtain the resultant changes in the corneal surfaces during PRK. A sensitivity analysis of the corneal topography system was also performed. Ray tracings were performed using the height data and the optical design software Zemax (Focus Software, Inc., Tucson, AZ). Examining pre- and post-operative values of corneal surfaces may further the understanding of how areas of the cornea contribute toward desired visual correction. Gross resultant power across the corneal surface is used in PRK, however, understanding the contribution of each point to the average power may have important implications and prove to be significant for achieving projected surgical results.
At the Department of Biomedical Engineering of Drexel University, the study of the reactivity of human white blood cells (leukocytes) had been undertaken originally for biocompatibility measurements. Acute (jolymorphonuclear) and chronic (mononuclear) inflammatory white blood cells (leukocytes) have been studied for their response to chemoattractant and chemorepellant implantable materials. Further experiments have lead to the enhancement and retardation of this cytotaxis via electromagnetic fields. These techniques are now being adapted to study the photonic effects of leukocytes.
The effects of pulsed light (2 Hz) with a 55% duty ratio and continuous light on the migration of human mononuclear leukocytes, MNLs (monocytes and lymphocytes) are reported for red light ((lambda) equals 660 nm) and green light ((lambda) equals 565 nm). The comparison of the relative value of the distance to blood cell migration under light to the control cell migration without light stimulus is recorded as cytokinetic index, K.I. K.I. is a measure of the cytokinesis which is the progress of the cell movement in which the migration is enhanced by substances in the cell environment irrespective of a concentration gradient. Red light stimulation produces K.I.'s for PMNs which are 30% grater than for MNLs. Green light stimulation produces K.I.'s for PMNs less than 1.0 indicative of inhibited migration, while for MNLs the K.I.'s are slightly greater than 1.0 indicative of enhanced migration.
A new fiber optic probe is developed to study different parts of the eye. The probe positioned in front of an eye, delivers a low power light from a laser diode into the eye and guides the light which is back scattered by different components (aqueous humor, lens, and vitreous humor) of the eye through a receiving optical fiber to a photo detector. The probe provides rapid determination of macromolecular diffusivities and their respective size distributions in the eye lens and the gel-like material in the vitreous humor. We report alpha-crystalline size distributions, as a function of penetration depth, inside the lens and hyaluronic acid molecular size distribution in the vitreous body. In a clinical setting, the probe can be mounted on a slit- lamp apparatus simply by using a H-ruby lens holder. The capability of detecting cataracts, both nuclear and peripheral, in their early stages of formation, in a non invasive and quantitative fashion, has the potential in patient monitoring and in developing and testing new drugs or diet therapies to 'dissolve' or slow down the cataract formation before surgery is necessary. The ability to detect biochemical and macromolecular changes in the vitreous structure can be very useful in identifying certain diseases of the posterior chamber, e.g., posterior vitreous detachment.
In the process of inflammation, leukocytes must travel from the intraluminal space of the capillary to the interstitial space in order to reach the site of the inflammation. The two major populations of mature human leukocytes based on the morphology are the polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN), and mononuclear leukocytes (MNL). Previous research on PMNs and MNLs at the Biomedical Engineering and Science Institute of Drexel University have shown that their migration can be markedly enhanced by excitation with electric and magnetic fields. This presentation demonstrates that the migration of PMNs under excitation of photons is enhanced in the red light region of (lambda) equals 660 nm and inhibited in the green light region of (lambda) equals 565 nm. There is an intensity threshold at which red light enhances migration and an intensity threshold at which green light inhibits migration. In these experiments the Boyden technique was used with the distance of the cell migration through a cellulose filter measured in terms of the leading edge. The comparison of the relative value of the distance to cell migration under a light to cell migration without a light stimulus was recorded as a cytokinetic index, K.I.. K.I. is a measure of the cytokinesis which is the progress of the cell movement in which the migration is enhanced by substances in the cell environment irrespective of a concentration gradient. The cytotactic index is a measure of cytotaxis which is the directional movement along a chemical gradient formed by a chemotactic factor. A Russian pulsed commercial laser biostimulator in the near infrared wavelength above an intensity threshold enhances PMN migration. Intermittent green and red stimulators below the intensity threshold markedly influence the cytokinetic index of PMNs while above the intensity threshold, this influence is deminished.
A compact fiber optic system, utilizing a lensless backscatter fiber optic probe, and a semiconductor laser is used as a non-invasive tool for in vivo characterization of the proteins in the eye lens of several animals. The system exploits the extremely sensitive technique of dynamic light scattering, which uses a laser beam to probe the temporal characteristics of the proteins present in eye lens fluid. The technique, with appropriate electronics and signal processing provides a rapid means of determining the size of the (alpha) -crystallin in the protein-water system. Changes in the size of the protein molecules can be tracked over the age of the eye lens; an abrupt increase in size is associated with the early cataractous formation. This paper describes the fiber optic system and discusses results obtained from measurements made on sedated rabbits, pigs and cats. A clear difference in the size of the (alpha) -crystallin of normal and cataractous lenses is observed.
A lensless backscatter fiber optic probe is used to measure the size distribution of protein molecules inside an excised, but intact, human eye lens. The fiber optic probe, about 5 mm in diameter, can be positioned arbitrarily close to the anterior surface of the eye; it is a transreceiver, which delivers a Gaussian laser beam into a small region inside the lens and provides a coherent detection of the laser light scattered by the protein molecules in the backward direction. Protein sizes determined from the fast and slow diffusion coefficients show good correlation with the age of the lens and cataractogenesis.
This paper demonstrates the application of a lensless fiber optic spectrometer (sensor) to study the onset of cataracts. This new miniaturized and rugged fiber optic probe is based upon dynamic light scattering (DLS) principles. It has no moving parts, no apertures, and requires no optical alignment. It is flexible and easy to use. Results are presented for cold-induced cataract in excised bovine eye lenses, and aging effects in excised human eye lenses. The device can be easily incorporated into a slit-lamp apparatus (ophthalmoscope) for complete eye diagnostics.
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