A coherent Doppler lidar at 2μm wavelength has been built with higher output energy (300 mJ) than previously available. The laser transmitter is based on the solid-state Ho:Tm:LuLiF, a NASA Langley Research Center invented laser material for higher extraction efficiency. This diode pumped injection seeded MOPA has a transform limited line width and diffraction limited beam quality. NASA Langley Research Center is developing coherent wind lidar transmitter technology at eye-safe wavelength for satellite-based observation of wind on a global scale. The ability to profile wind is a key measurement for understanding and predicting atmospheric dynamics and is a critical measurement for improving weather forecasting and climate modeling. We would describe the development and performance of an engineering hardened 2μm laser transmitter for coherent Doppler wind measurement from ground/aircraft/space platform.
Knowledge derived from global tropospheric wind measurement is an important constituent of our overall understanding of climate behavior [1]. Accurate weather prediction saves lives and protects properties from destructions. High-energy 2-micron laser is the transmitter of choice for coherent Doppler wind detection. In addition to the eye-safety, the wavelength of the transmitter suitably matches the aerosol size in the lower troposphere. Although the technology of the 2-micron laser has been maturing steadily, lidar derived wind data is still a void in the global weather database. In the last decade, researchers at NASA Langley Research Center (LaRC) have been engaged in this endeavor, contributing to the scientific database of 2-micron lidar transmitters. As part of this effort, an in depth analysis of the physics involved in the workings of the Ho: Tm laser systems have been published. In the last few years, we have demonstrated lidar transmitter with over1Joule output energy. In addition, a large body of work has been done in characterizing new laser materials and unique crystal configurations to enhance the efficiency and output energy of the 2-micron laser systems. At present 2-micron lidar systems are measuring wind from both ground and airborne platforms. This paper will provide an overview of the advancements made in recent years and the technology maturity levels attained.
The latest flight demonstration of Doppler Aerosol Wind Lidar (DAWN) at NASA Langley Research Center (LaRC) is presented. The goal of the campaign was to demonstrate the improvement of DAWN system since the previous flight campaign in 2012 and the capabilities of DAWN and the latest airborne wind profiling algorithm APOLO (Airborne Wind Profiling Algorithm for Doppler Wind Lidar) developed at LaRC. The comparisons of APOLO and another algorithm are discussed utilizing two and five line-of-sights (LOSs), respectively. Wind parameters from DAWN were compared with ground-based radar measurements for validation purposes. The campaign period was June – July in 2013 and the flight altitude was 8 km in inland toward Charlotte, NC, and offshores in Virginia Beach, VA and Ocean City, MD. The DAWN system was integrated into a UC12B with two operators onboard during the campaign.
A technique has been developed for imaging the wind field over offshore areas being considered for wind farming. This is accomplished with an eye-safe 2-μm wavelength coherent Doppler lidar installed in an aircraft. By raster scanning the aircraft over the wind energy area (WEA), a three-dimensional map of the wind vector can be made. This technique was evaluated in 11 flights over the Virginia and Maryland offshore WEAs. Heights above the ocean surface planned for wind turbines are shown to be within the marine boundary layer, and the wind vector is seen to show variation across the geographical area of interest at turbine heights.
The recommended design approach for the 3D Tropospheric Winds mission is a hybrid Doppler lidar which combines the best elements of both a coherent aerosol Doppler lidar operating at 2 μm and a direct detection molecular Doppler lidar operating at 0.355 μm. In support of the mission, we built a novel, compact, light-weighted multi-field of view transceiver where multiple telescopes are used to cover the required four fields of view. A small mechanism sequentially selects both the “transmit” and “receive” fields of view. The four fields are combined to stimulate both the 0.355 μm receiver and the 2 μm receiver. This version is scaled (0.2 m diameter aperture) from the space-based version but still demonstrates the feasibility of the hybrid approach. The primary mirrors were conventionally light-weighted and coated with dielectric, high reflectivity coatings with high laser damage thresholds at both 2 μm and 0.355 μm. The mechanical structure and mounts were fabricated from composites to achieve dimensional stability while significantly reducing the mass. In the laboratory, we demonstrated the system level functionality at 0.355 μm and at 2 μm, raising the Technology Readiness Level (TRL) from 2 to 4.
Compact, reliable and conductively-cooled solid state 2-micron laser technology is a critical component of the 3-D Winds mission envisioned in the NRC Decadal survey. In order to mature the 2-micron laser technology to a Technical Readiness Level of 5 (TRL-5), we are developing a conductively-cooled single-frequency 2-micron laser meeting the performance requirements for this wind LIDAR mission and able to operate in vacuum. Conductive cooling is accomplished via heat pipes attached to a reconfigurable condenser plate. The ruggedized mechanical design is based upon design concepts used and validated for the NASA Ice, Cloud and Land Elevation Satellite-2 (ICESat-2) Mission. Achieving TRL-5 has particular challenges for this technology due to its unique requirements. The cold operating temperature mandated by the laser crystal (Ho:Tm:LuLF) and the long resonator required to generate <100 ns pulsewidths needed to maximize the LIDAR resolution, make stabilizing the laser more difficult than many other lasers. The completion and demonstration of this laser provides a platform for further maturation of solid state 2 micron laser technology to the TRL-6 required for space-based deployment.
Two versions of airborne wind profiling algorithms for the pulsed 2-micron coherent Doppler lidar system at NASA Langley Research Center in Virginia are presented. Each algorithm utilizes different number of line-of-sight (LOS) lidar returns while compensating the adverse effects of different coordinate systems between the aircraft and the Earth. One of the two algorithms APOLO (Airborne Wind Profiling Algorithm for Doppler Wind Lidar) estimates wind products using two LOSs. The other algorithm utilizes five LOSs. The airborne lidar data were acquired during the NASA’s Genesis and Rapid Intensification Processes (GRIP) campaign in 2010. The wind profile products from the two algorithms are compared with the dropsonde data to validate their results.
A field demonstration was done from Virginia Beach, Virginia, to show the use of high-energy (250-mJ) eyesafe Doppler lidar for measurements of offshore wind. The lidar is located onshore and pointed near-horizontally to reach a target area many kilometers away. In sample measurements, the lidar scan's hypothetical turbine is located 6 km away. For one beam elevation of interest, the horizontal wind vector is measured by scanning the beam in azimuth. The elevation can then be changed to profile the wind at many altitudes. An example measurement is shown in which wind vector is determined at six altitudes covering the height of a supposed turbine and above. In addition to the wind vector, wind shear is measured across a turbine blade span width. Over a two-week period in October 2011, range capability was found to vary from 4.5 to 17 km depending on weather and aerosol backscatter conditions. A comparison was made with an anemometer to validate the lidar's measurements.
A pulsed 2-micron coherent Doppler lidar system at NASA Langley Research Center in Virginia flew on the NASA's
DC-8 aircraft during the NASA Genesis and Rapid Intensification Processes (GRIP) during the summer of 2010. The
participation was part of the project Doppler Aerosol Wind Lidar (DAWN) Air. Selected results of airborne wind
profiling are presented and compared with the dropsonde data for verification purposes. Panoramic presentations of
different wind parameters over a nominal observation time span are also presented for selected GRIP data sets. The real-time
data acquisition and analysis software that was employed during the GRIP campaign is introduced with its unique
features.
KEYWORDS: LIDAR, Profiling, Signal to noise ratio, Data acquisition, Doppler effect, Control systems, Data processing, Digital signal processing, Data transmission, Fourier transforms
Two different noise whitening methods in airborne wind profiling with a pulsed 2-micron coherent Doppler lidar system
at NASA Langley Research Center in Virginia are presented. In order to provide accurate wind parameter estimates
from the airborne lidar data acquired during the NASA Genesis and Rapid Intensification Processes (GRIP) campaign in
2010, the adverse effects of background instrument noise must be compensated properly in the early stage of data
processing. The results of the two methods are presented using selected GRIP data and compared with the dropsonde
data for verification purposes.
Sustained research efforts at NASA Langley Research Center (LaRC) during last fifteen years have resulted in a
significant advancement in 2-micron diode-pumped, solid-state laser transmitter for wind and carbon dioxide
measurement from ground, air and space-borne platform. Solid-state 2-micron laser is a key subsystem for a
coherent Doppler lidar that measures the horizontal and vertical wind velocities with high precision and resolution.
The same laser, after a few modifications, can also be used in a Differential Absorption Lidar (DIAL) system for
measuring atmospheric CO2 concentration profiles. Researchers at NASA Langley Research Center have
developed a compact, flight capable, high energy, injection seeded, 2-micron laser transmitter for ground and
airborne wind and carbon dioxide measurements. It is capable of producing 250 mJ at 10 Hz by an oscillator and
one amplifier. This compact laser transmitter was integrated into a mobile trailer based coherent Doppler wind and
CO2 DIAL system and was deployed during field measurement campaigns. This paper will give an overview of 2-
micron solid-state laser technology development and discuss results from recent ground-based field measurements.
The design of the software for a 2-micron coherent high-speed Doppler lidar system for CO2 measurement at NASA
Langley Research Center is discussed in this paper. The specific strategy and design topology to meet the requirements
of the system are reviewed. In order to attain the high-speed digitization of the different types of signals to be sampled
on multiple channels, a carefully planned design of the control software is imperative. Samples of digitized data from
each channel and their roles in data analysis post processing are also presented. Several challenges of extremely-fast,
high volume data acquisition are discussed. The software must check the validity of each lidar return as well as other
monitoring channel data in real-time. For such high-speed data acquisition systems, the software is a key component that
enables the entire scope of CO2 measurement studies using commercially available system components.
KEYWORDS: Data acquisition, Digital signal processing, LIDAR, Control systems, Doppler effect, Electronics, Laser optics, Scanners, Laser systems engineering, Laser processing
A general overview of the development of a data acquisition and processing system is presented for a pulsed, 2-micron
coherent Doppler Lidar system located in NASA Langley Research Center in Hampton, Virginia, USA. It is a
comprehensive system that performs high-speed data acquisition, analysis, and data display both in real time and offline.
The first flight missions are scheduled for the summer of 2010 as part of the NASA Genesis and Rapid Intensification
Processes (GRIP) campaign for the study of hurricanes. The system as well as the control software is reviewed and its
requirements and unique features are discussed.
The accurate measurement of energy in the application of lidar system for CO2 measurement is critical. Different
techniques of energy estimation in the online and offline pulses are investigated for post processing of lidar returns. The
cornerstone of the technique is the accurate estimation of the spectrum of lidar signal and background noise. Since the
background noise is not the ideal white Gaussian noise, simple average level estimation of noise level is not well fit in
the energy estimation of lidar signal and noise. A brief review of the methods is presented in this paper.
A pulsed, 2-μm coherent Differential Absorption Lidar (DIAL) / Integrated Path Differential Absorption (IPDA)
transceiver, developed under the Laser Risk Reduction Program (LRRP) at NASA, is integrated into a fully functional
lidar instrument. This instrument measures atmospheric CO2 profiles (by DIAL) from a ground platform. It allows the
investigators to pursue subsequent in science-driven deployments, and provides a unique tool for Active Sensing of CO2
Emissions over Night, Days, and Seasons (ASCENDS) validation that was strongly advocated in the recent ASCENDS
Workshop.
A 2-µm wavelength coherent Doppler lidar for wind measurement has been developed of an unprecedented laser pulse energy of 250-mJ in a rugged package. This high pulse energy is produced by a Ho:Tm:LuLiF laser with an optical amplifier. While the lidar is meant for use as an airborne instrument, ground-based tests were carried out to characterize performance of the lidar. Atmospheric measurements are presented, showing the lidar's capability for wind measurement in the atmospheric boundary layer and free troposphere. Lidar wind measurements are compared to a balloon sonde, showing good agreement between the two sensors.
KEYWORDS: Doppler effect, Signal to noise ratio, LIDAR, Data processing, Statistical analysis, Data analysis, Data acquisition, Digital signal processing, Algorithm development, Profiling
The new development of a one-sided nonlinear adaptive shift estimation technique (NADSET) is introduced. The
background of the algorithm and a brief overview of NADSET are presented. The new technique is applied to the wind
parameter estimates from a 2-μm wavelength coherent Doppler lidar system called VALIDAR located in NASA Langley
Research Center in Virginia. The new technique enhances wind parameters such as Doppler shift and power estimates in
low Signal-To-Noise-Ratio (SNR) regimes using the estimates in high SNR regimes as the algorithm scans the range
bins from low to high altitude. The original NADSET utilizes the statistics in both the lower and the higher range bins to
refine the wind parameter estimates in between. The results of the two different approaches of NADSET are compared.
NASA Langley Research Center has been developing 2-micron lidar technologies over a decade for wind measurements,
utilizing coherent Doppler wind lidar technique and carbon dioxide measurements, utilizing Differential Absorption
Lidar (DIAL) technique. Significant advancements have been made towards developing state-of-the-art technologies
towards laser transmitters, detectors, and receiver systems. These efforts have led to the development of solid-state lasers
with high pulse energy, tunablility, wavelength-stability, and double-pulsed operation. This paper will present a review
of these technological developments along with examples of high resolution wind and high precision CO2 measurements
in the atmosphere. Plans for the development of compact high power lasers for applications in airborne and future space
platforms for wind and regional to global scale measurement of atmospheric CO2 will also be discussed.
This paper presents the comparison study of the theoretical and the empirical Cramer-Rao lower bounds (CRLBs) of
wind parameter estimates from a 2-μm wavelength coherent Doppler lidar system called VALIDAR located in NASA
Langley Research Center in Virginia. The statistical behavior of Doppler shift (DS) estimates in particular is of interest.
The estimates are commonly modeled as single-modal Gaussian random variables and this study is based on such
convention. The empirical statistics of DS estimates are estimated from a large amount of sample data in order to obtain
meaningful statistical moments. The impact of the new nonlinear adaptive Doppler-shift estimation technique known as
NADSET is also briefly presented in terms of the statistics of wind parameter estimates.
A coherent Doppler lidar at 2 µm wavelength has been built with higher output energy (100 mJ) than previously available. The laser transmitter is based on diode-pumped Ho:Tm:LuLiF, a recently developed laser material that allows more efficient energy extraction. Single-frequency operation is achieved by a ramp-and-fire injection seeding technique. An advanced photodetector architecture is used incorporating photodiodes in a dual-balanced configuration. A digital signal processing system has been built, allowing real-time display of wind and aerosol backscatter data products. The high pulse energy and receiver efficiency provides for measurement of wind fields to ranges not seen before with 2 µm lidars, and example wind measurements were made to show this capability.
The design of an orbiting wind profiling lidar requires selection of dozens of lidar, measurement scenario, and mission
geometry parameters; in addition to prediction of atmospheric parameters. Typical mission designs do not include a
thorough trade optimization of all of these parameters. We report here the integration of a recently published
parameterization of coherent lidar wind velocity measurement performance with an orbiting coherent wind lidar
computer simulation; and the use of these combined tools to perform some preliminary parameter trades. We use the
2006 NASA Global Wind Observing Sounder mission design as the starting point for the trades.
Early concepts to globally measure vertical profiles of vector horizontal wind from space planned on an orbit height of
525 km, a single pulsed coherent Doppler lidar system to cover the full troposphere, and a continuously rotating
telescope/scanner that mandated a vertical line of sight wind profile from each laser shot. Under these conditions system
studies found that laser pulse energies of approximately 20 J at 10 Hz pulse repetition rate with a rotating telescope
diameter of approximately 1.5 m was required. Further requirements to use solid state laser technology and an eyesafe
wavelength led to the relatively new 2-micron solid state laser. With demonstrated pulse energies near 20 mJ at 5 Hz,
and no demonstration of a rotating telescope maintaining diffraction limited performance in space, the technology gap
between requirements and demonstration was formidable. Fortunately the involved scientists and engineers set out to
reduce the gap, and through a combination of clever ideas and technology advances over the last 15 years, they have
succeeded. This paper will detail the gap reducing factors and will present the current status.
KEYWORDS: Laser Doppler velocimetry, Semiconductor lasers, Temperature metrology, Reliability, Solid state lasers, LIDAR, Diodes, Space operations, High power lasers, Pulsed laser operation
Operating high power laser diode arrays in long pulse regime of about 1 msec, which is required for pumping 2-micron
thulium and holmium-based lasers, greatly limits their useful lifetime. This paper describes performance of laser diode
arrays operating in long pulse mode and presents experimental data on the active region temperature and pulse-to-pulse
thermal cycling that are the primary cause of their premature failure and rapid degradation. This paper will then offer a
viable approach for determining the optimum design and operational parameters leading to the maximum attainable
lifetime.
Significant advancements in the 2-micron laser development have been made recently. Solid-state 2-micron
laser is a key subsystem for a coherent Doppler lidar that measures the horizontal and vertical wind
velocities with high precision and resolution. The same laser, after a few modifications, can also be used in
a Diffrencial Absorption Lidar (DIAL) system for measuring atmospheric CO2 concentration profiles. The
world record 2-micron laser energy is demonstrated with an oscillator and two amplifiers system. It
generates more than one joule per pulse energy with excellent beam quality. Based on the successful
demonstration of a fully conductive cooled oscillator by using heat pipe technology, an improved fully
conductively cooled 2-micron amplifier was designed, manufactured and integrated. It virtually eliminates
the running coolant to increase the overall system efficiency and reliability. In addition to technology
development and demonstration, a compact and engineering hardened 2-micron laser is under development.
It is capable of producing 250 mJ at 10 Hz by an oscillator and one amplifier. This compact laser is
expected to be integrated to a lidar system and take field measurements. The recent achievements push
forward the readiness of such a laser system for space lidar applications. This paper will review the
developments of the state-of-the-art solid-state 2-micron laser.
For space-based lidar applications, conductively cooled lasers have been identified as a critical technology for high energy, 2-micron laser transmitter. Effective thermal management is a challenge for high-energy, 2-micon lasers. In this paper, the design of a totally conductively cooled, diode pumped, 2-micron laser amplifier is presented. Based on the successful testing of a conductively cooled oscillator, concepts for a laser amplifier were developed. The newly designed amplifier consists of a 40 mm long Ho:Tm: LuLF rod being pumped by 4 banks of 5-radially arranged diode lasers totaling 80W pump power. Optical and thermal studies for the amplifier head are presented and discussed. Currently, the design of the amplifier head is being integrated into a complete amplifier subsystem for a conductive cooled Master Oscillator Power Amplifier (MOPA) laser.
NASA's Laser Risk Reduction Program, begun in 2002, has achieved many technology advances in only 3.5 years. The recent selection of several lidar proposals for Science and Exploration applications indicates that the LRRP goal of enabling future space-based missions by lowering the technology risk has already begun to be met.
Most Lidar applications rely on moderate to high power solid state lasers to generate the required transmitted pulses. However, the reliability of solid state lasers, which can operate autonomously over long periods, is constrained by their laser diode pump arrays. Thermal cycling of the active regions is considered the primary reason for rapid degradation of the quasi-CW high power laser diode arrays, and the excessive temperature rise is the leading suspect in premature failure. The thermal issues of laser diode arrays are even more drastic for 2-micron solid state lasers which require considerably longer pump pulses compared to the more commonly used pump arrays for 1-micron lasers. This paper describes several advanced packaging techniques being employed for more efficient heat removal from the active regions of the laser diode bars. Experimental results for several high power laser diode array devices will be reported and their performance when operated at long pulsewidths of about 1msec will be described.
State of the art 2-micron lasers and other lidar components under development by NASA are being demonstrated and validated in a mobile test bed Doppler wind lidar. A lidar intercomparison facility has been developed to ensure parallel alignment of up to 4 Doppler lidar systems while measuring wind. Investigations of the new components; their operation in a complete system; systematic and random errors; the hybrid (joint coherent and direct detection) approach to global wind measurement; and atmospheric wind behavior are planned. Future uses of the VALIDAR (VALIDation LIDAR) mobile lidar may include comparison with the data from an airborne Doppler wind lidar in preparation for validation by the airborne system of an earth orbiting Doppler wind lidar sensor.
Spaceborne coherent Doppler wind lidars and CO2 Differential Absorption Lidars (DIALs) at eye-safe 2-μm spectral range have been proposed for several years for accurate global wind and carbon-oxide concentration profiling measurement. These lidar systems require Joule level laser pulse energy from laser transmitter and high efficiency. In this paper, we report a diode-pumped Ho:Tm:LuLF Master-Oscillator-Power-Amplifier (MOPA) developed to demonstrate Joule level output pulse energy. The MOPA consists of one master oscillator and two power amplifiers. The master oscillator was Q-switched and can be operated at single pulse mode or double pulse mode respectively. The single pulse operation is used for a coherent Doppler wind lidar and the double pulse operation for a CO2 Differential Absorption Lidar (DIAL). The output pulse energy of the master oscillator is 115 mJ for the single pulse operation and 186 mJ for the double pulse operation. To extract more energy from the pumping pulses and increase the efficiency of the MOPA, the first amplifier was set at a double pass configuration. The second amplifier was set at a single pass configuration to avoid the damage problem of the Ho:Tm:LuLF laser rod. Total output pulse energy of 0.63 J with an optical efficiency of 4.1% for single pulse operation and 1.05 J with an optical efficiency of 6.9% for double pulse operation were demonstrated.
Space-based laser and lidar instruments play an important role in NASA's plans for meeting its objectives in both Earth Science and Space Exploration areas. Almost all the lidar instrument concepts being considered by NASA scientist utilize moderate to high power diode-pumped solid state lasers as their transmitter source. Perhaps the most critical component of any solid state laser system is its pump laser diode array which essentially dictates instrument efficiency, reliability and lifetime. For this reason, premature failures and rapid degradation of high power laser diode arrays that have been experienced by laser system designers are of major concern to NASA. This work addresses these reliability and lifetime issues by attempting to eliminate the causes of failures and developing methods for screening laser diode arrays and qualifying them for operation in space.
It has been realized that eye-safe 2-mm all-solid-state lasers are important laser sources for an accurate measurement of the CO2 concentration in the atmosphere. Served as laser transmitters, they can be integrated into ground-based, airborne-base, and spaceborne-based CO2 Differential Absorption Lidars (DIALs) to accomplish the measurement. In addition, the lasers are also ideal laser pumping sources for a ZnGeP2 (ZGP) Optical Parametric Oscillator (OPO) or an Optical Parametric Amplifier (OPA) to achieve tunable laser output in 3~5 mm. In this spectrum region, the other important greenhouse gases, water vapor (H2O), carbon monoxide (CO), and methane (CH4) in the atmosphere can be measured. In this paper, we report a diode-pumped, double-pulsed, Q-switched, eye-safe Ho:Tm:LuLF laser at 2.05 mm developed for ground-based and airborne-based CO2 Differential Absorption Lidars (DIALs). The technology can be easily transferred to a space-borne CO2 DIAL in the future. The total output pulse energy of the laser is 220 mJ and 204 mJ per pair of pulses at 2 Hz and at 10 Hz respectively. The related optical energy conversion efficiency is 6.7% and 5.9% respectively.
High-energy 2-micron lasers have been incorporated in a breadboard coherent Doppler lidar to test component technologies and explore applications for remote sensing of the atmosphere. Design of the lidar is presented including aspects in the laser transmitter, receiver, photodetector, and signal processing. Sample data is presented on wind profiling and CO2 concentration measurements.
KEYWORDS: Semiconductor lasers, Solid state lasers, Diodes, Diamond, High power lasers, Temperature metrology, Infrared cameras, Thermography, Aerospace engineering, Infrared radiation
2-micron solid-state lasers operating at moderate to high pulse energies require high power quasi-CW laser diode arrays (LDAs) operating at a nominal wavelength of 792 nm with pulse durations of at least one millisecond. This long pulse duration is one of the main causes of limited lifetimes for these arrays. Such relatively long pulse durations cause the laser diode active region to experience high peak temperatures and drastic thermal cycling. This extreme localized heating and thermal cycling of the active regions are considered the primary contributing factors for both gradual and catastrophic degradation of LDAs. This paper describes the thermal characteristics of various LDA packages, providing valuable insight for improving their heat dissipation and increasing their lifetime. The experiment includes both direct measurement of thermal radiation of the LDA facet using a high resolution IR camera and indirect measurement of LDA active region temperature by monitoring the wavelength shift of the near-IR light. The result of thermal measurements on different quasi-CW LDA packages and architectures is reported.
A collection of issues is discussed that are potential pitfalls, if handled incorrectly, for earth-orbiting lidar remote sensing instruments. These issues arise due to the long target ranges, high lidar-to-target relative velocities, low signal levels, use of laser scanners, and other unique aspects of using lasers in earth orbit. Consequences of misunderstanding these topics range from minor inconvenience to improper calibration to total failure. We will focus on wind measurement using coherent detection Doppler lidar, but many of the potential pitfalls apply also to noncoherent lidar wind measurement, and to measurement of parameters other than wind.
NASA recently approved a mission to fly a Doppler Wind Lidar on a US Space Shuttle. SPARCLE, managed by Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, AL, is targeted for launch in March 2001. This mission is viewed as a necessary demonstration of a solid state lidar using coherent detection before committing resources to a 3-5 year research or operational mission. While, to many, this shuttle mission is seen as the first step in a series leading to a fully operational wind observing system, to others, it is a chance to validate predictions of performance based upon theoretical models, analyses of airborne and ground-based data and sophisticated observing system simulation experiments. The SPARCLE instrument is a 100 mJ, 6 Hz, diode pumped 2 micron laser with a .25 m telescope using heterodyne mixing in a fiber and an InGaAs detector. A 25 cm silicon wedge scanner will be used in step-stare modes with dwells ranging from 60 seconds to .5 seconds. Pointing knowledge is achieved with a dedicated GPS/INS mounted close to the lidar. NASA's hitchhiker program is providing the instrument enclosures and mission logistics support. An on- board data system in sized to record 80 Gbytes of raw signal from two 400 MHz A/D converters. On-board signal processing will be used to control the frequency of the Master Oscillator. SPARCLE is predicted to have a singleshot backscatter sensitivity near 5 by 10-6 m-1 sr-1. To achieve higher sensitivity, shot accumulation will be employed. Ground-based, 2 micron DWLs have been used to assess the benefits of shot accumulation. Airborne programs like MACAWS have provided good data st for evaluating various sampling strategies and signal processing algorithms. Using these real data to calibrate out simulation models, we can describe when and how well SPARCLE is expected to perform.
For over 20 years researchers have been investigating the feasibility of profiling tropospheric vector wind velocity from space with a pulsed Doppler lidar. Efforts have included theoretical development, system and mission studies, technology development, and ground-based and airborne measurements. Now NASA plans to take the next logical step towards enabling operational global tropospheric wind profiles by demonstrating horizontal wind measurements from the Space Shuttle in early 2001 using a coherent Doppler wind lidar system.
Innovative designs of a space-based laser remote sensing `wind machine' are presented. These designs seek compatibility with the traditionally conflicting constraints of high scientific value and low total mission cost. Mission cost is reduced by moving to smaller, lighter, more off-the-shelf instrument designs which can be accommodated on smaller launch vehicles.
KEYWORDS: LIDAR, Sensors, Navigation systems, Signal processing, Backscatter, Nd:YAG lasers, Carbon dioxide, Wind measurement, Aerosols, Signal to noise ratio
The coherent launch-site atmospheric wind sounder (CLAWS) is a lidar atmospheric wind sensor designed to measure the winds aloft at space launch facilities to an altitude of 20 km. Candidate lidar systems analyzed for use in CLAWS include Nd:YAG, Ho:YAG, and CO2. Detailed simulations were carried out by Coherent Technologies, Inc. The results of our development studies include: (1) definition of lidar sensor requirements, (2) definition of a system to meet those requirements, and (3) a concept evaluation with recommendations for the most feasible and cost-effective lidar system for use as an input to a guidance and control system for a missile or spacecraft launch. A field test program will begin in August 1991, in which the ability of CLAWS to meet NASA goals for increased safety and launch/mission flexibility at Kennedy Space Center (KSC) will be evaluated with regard to maximum detection range, refractive turbulence, and aerosol backscattering efficiency at the three lidar wavelengths. It is found that the shorter wavelength solid-state lasers will afford better performance (longer detection range), are more energy efficient, and are more compact for operation in the humid, postvolcanic aerosol environment found at KSC. Finally, the Ho:YAG (2.1 micrometers ) lidar gives the best performance at an eyesafe wavelength and would be applicable for detecting winds aloft during descent as well as during ascent.
A low average power, pulsed, solid-state, 1.06-micron coherent laser radar (CLR) for range and velocity measurements of atmospheric and hard targets has been developed. The system has been operating at a field test site near Boulder, CO since September, 1988. Measurements have been taken on moving targets such as atmospheric aerosol particles, belt sanders, spinning disks, and various stationary targets. The field measurements have shown that this system exhibits excellent velocity measurement performance. A fast-tuning CW Nd:YAG oscillator has also been developed which has a frequency tuning range of greater than 30 GHz (which spans a target radial velocity range of over 16 km/s) and a tuning speed greater than 30 GHz/ms.
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