In this paper, we propose to use an inverse-based method that is implemented by a Genetic algorithm (GA) for
obtaining the strain and temperature profiles in a 10-mm fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensor and a series set of ten 10-mm sensors. The changes of strain and temperatures are analyzed by utilizing the sensitivity of the refractive index
and grating period of the fiber Bragg grating sensor. This can be accomplished by reconstructing the FBG structural
shape by using a Genetic algorithm that is compared with the measured output data. Our ultimate objective for
utilizing these results are intended for real-time sensing of strain and temperature of these sensors which are ideally
suited for smart structures health monitoring and diagnostics applications.
In this paper, design and Finite Element analysis of a new tactile optical sensor for the measurement of contact-pressure and tissue compliance in endovascular surgeries are presented. Using Micro-Electro-Mechanical-Systems (MEMS) technology, this sensor can be fabricated and integrated with the medical tools for endovascular surgeries such as Catheter tool. The designed sensor is capable of detecting the magnitude of the applied forces, the pressure distribution on contact objects, and also estimating the compliance of the contact tissue. The designed sensor is made of three layers, the upper layer is fabricated from monocrystalline silicon to form silicon membranes, the middle layer which is the supporting element is fabricated from both silicon and silicone rubber as a soft material and the lower layer is a supporting Plexiglas substrate to connect the designed sensor to the optical fibers. Simulation results show that for the given contact forces, the magnitude and the distribution of contacting tissues pressure along with tissue compliance can be determined. This sensor as proposed is a good candidate for batch micromachining, which is yet another commercial advantage for this design. Because of its less expensive cost, the surgeon can use it as a disposal part of the endovascular tools, requiring no re-sterilization and reducing the cost of surgery.
The presence of a beam combination system that forms a united image in a common focal plane is one of the features of systems with an optical sparse array. Any control system of a beam combiner has a limited accuracy and, as a result, introduces some optical errors that influence the quality of the united image. This especially concerns systems with a dynamic aperture reconfiguration during an active process of observation. We present analytical expressions for the instantaneous spectral optical transfer function (OTF) of the optical sparse array consisting of N circular and annular subapertures depending on the residual random image alignment and optical path difference errors, and the average OTF for the Gaussian probability distributions depending on the statistical parameters of the last. The formulas are deduced on the basis of the Fraunhofer approach to the Kirchhoff diffraction theory. The results can be used for both space and earth sciences applications.
One feature of systems with sparse optical aperture is the possible existence of zero-value regions of the optical transfer function. In using fast-convergent gradient methods for nonlinear constrained optimization with criteria based on the optical transfer function or the modulation transfer function, the gradient of the minimized function can also contain zero-value regions. Such situations can result in a suspension of the calculation if an intermediate solution falls into such a region. We show that, using gradient methods, it is possible to avoid this calculation problem if we redefine the subaperture step pupil functions—in particular, approximate them by continuously differentiable functions having no zero-value regions. This is demonstrated on examples of apertures consisting of circular and annular subapertures. This approach can be used for both types of multiaperture optical telescopes, the Michelson and Fizeau, and for both space and earth science missions.
Bragg gratings have widespread applications in the rapidly growing field of optical sensors. Although fiber Bragg gratings are often referring to permanent refractive index structures, exposure in increased temperature usually results the decay of the refractive index modulation. Basically, the stability of the grating competence at high temperature is an important criterion for high temperature sensor applications.
This report is a part on going research to develop high temperature optical sensors. We report our design and analyze of a hydrogen loaded fiber Bragg grating temperature sensor range from room temperature to around 1000°C. A basic setup has been built in our lab to examine the performance of the point temperature sensor based on the hydrogen loaded fiber Bragg grating. Until now, a grating has been shown to stabilize at temperatures in excess of 700°C and to survive at temperatures in excess of 930°C. The tested operation gratings around 700°C retain up to 80% reflectivity after one and a half hours. The thermal treatment of the tested hydrogen loaded fiber Bragg gratings is demonstrated capable to enhance effectively the grating's thermal stability. Our experimental results provide a better understanding of thermal response to the hydrogen loaded fiber Bragg gratings and their decay behavior at elevated temperatures.
This paper presents evidence of the influence of the state of stress on anisotropic etching of (100) oriented Si in KOH water solution. External load is applied to strips of Si which modifies the initial internal stress state actually generated by a patterned SiO2 masking film. Results obtained for circular patterns indicate that the etch patterns on the strips subjected to negative and positive stresses are different from each other and are different from strips which have not been subjected to external loads. These observations indicate that the etching process is influenced by the presence of stresses in the silicon. A technique to analyze the stress is proposed. The resulting variations of etched features with applied stress is significant.
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