This paper described the error effect in fabricating process of dot grating array using the Electro-Beam Lithography (EBL). These errors show the change in the width and depth of each pixel of binary optical element (BOE). It will directly induce the errors of the position and phase of transmission beam. The experimental simulating results are compared with that of the theoretical ones.
KEYWORDS: Holography, Spatial light modulators, Holograms, 3D image reconstruction, Digital holography, Optical discs, Data storage, Signal to noise ratio, Binary data, Optical storage
This paper describes an optical system model of Fourier holographic recording. Its numerical calculation is based on the Fraunhofer diffraction theory. According to Fourier optics principle, the spatial fundamental frequency will have a minimum value. It will limit the increase of the storage density. This paper shows the results of the simulative storage and the digital storage. When the digital storage used on the film optical disk system (for example, photopolymer medium), the storage density of Fourier hologram can be evaluated by bit error rate (BER) and signal noise rate (SNR).
An adjacent sequence iteration method for designing a diffractive element with function of controlling wavefront propagation is presented, and a binary optical element for focusing a diode laser beam in a long focal depth is designed with this method, fabricated by means of photolithography and ion-etching techniques. The simulation calculated with the designed element indicates that the design is successful, and the experiment results of long focal depth by testing the produced element are consistent with the design requirements.
This paper proposed a new encryption method using Computer Generated Fourier Hologram in frequency domain. When the main frequency spectrum, i.e. brand and an encrypted information frequency spectrum are mixed, it will not recognized and copied. We will use the methods of Dot Matrix (Digital) Hologram Modulation and the filter to get real signal. One new multi-modulated dot matrix hologram is introduced. It is encoded using several gratings. These gratings have different angles of inclination and different periods in same dot, to enable us in obtaining more information.
In this paper, a novel approach for fingerprint identification has been proposed in which a frequency coding can be performed for fingerprint classification. The feature of orientation is extracted by spectrum analysis in frequency domain. There are proposed classification and identification by digital FFT method.
The application of Digital Pixel Hologram (DPH) as anti-counterfeiting technology for products such as commercial goods, credit cards, identity cards, paper money banknote etc. is growing important nowadays. It offers many advantages over other anti-counterfeiting tools and this includes high diffraction effect, high resolving power, resistance to photo copying using two-dimensional Xeroxes, potential for mass production of patterns at a very low cost. Recently, we have successfully in fabricating high definition DPH with resolution higher than 2500dpi for the purpose of anti-counterfeiting by applying modern optical diffraction theory to computer pattern generation technique with the assist of electron beam lithography (EBL). In this paper, we introduce five levels of encryption techniques, which can be embedded in the design of such DPHs to further improve its anti-counterfeiting performance with negligible added on cost. The techniques involved, in the ascending order of decryption complexity, are namely Gray-level Encryption, Pattern Encryption, Character Encryption, Image Modification Encryption and Codebook Encryption. A Hong Kong Special Administration Regions (HKSAR) DPH emblem was fabricated at a resolution of 2540dpi using the facilities housed in our Optoelectronics Research Center. This emblem will be used as an illustration to discuss in details about each encryption idea during the conference.
In the strain field measurements especially in large strain field measurements, usually the correlation coefficient values obtained by the digital speckle correlation method are very low due to the relative pixel movement of the subset. Thus the measuring error will be increased. A primary method, that is called compensation algorithm, is introduced for improving the correlation coefficient. A flow scheme with the compensation algorithm of our software is developed and some improving techniques for reducing the calculation error are discussed in the paper. After getting a set of displacement data with high correlation, a de-noise wavelet processing is adopted. It is obviously that the measuring accuracy of the strain field is much better than before. The error is 0.1 to 0.3 pixels less than before. A strain field of testing experiment is performed with this compensation technique. The correlation coefficients can increase from 0.70 to 0.99 and that will be of much benefit for the improvements of the measuring accuracy.
In this paper the developed principle for Photomechanics is presented. This is composed of optical interferometry system with a modulator and digital image computer system. This illustrated method measures contour maps from fringe by fringe into point by point. The extracted phase information for Photomechanics can then be obtained by coding and decoding techniques in full field.
KEYWORDS: Digital holography, Holograms, Electron beam lithography, Diffraction gratings, Holography, Lithography, Computer programming, Diffraction, Data conversion, Laser systems engineering
A digital pixel cryptogram technology using e-beam holography is described in this paper. The cryptogram is generated by an electronic beam lithography system and it can be applied to fabrication of embossing hologram for anti-counterfeiting and security.
Optical fiber is a powerful element in optical communication and other optical techniques. A novel optical metrology based on optical fiber techniques is presented in this paper. The advantages of this technique provide not only the mini-type apparatus but also a simple phase-shifting method to increase the measuring accuracy. A high birefringence fiber with a beat length of 1.2 mm for phase-shifting technique is introduced. The experimental set-up and the technique principle, details will be discussed. Several application examples of optical metrology based on the optical fiber set-up are presented. The application areas include displacement measurement, 3D shape measurement and nondestructive testing. One of the important features of this advanced apparatus is its ability to apply in small object measurements for the electronic industry.
An advanced digital speckle correlation method (DSCM) is presented in this paper. The advantages of this method will not only improve the processing speed but also increase the measuring accuracy. Some mathematics tools are derived and a powerful computing program is developed for further applications. A new feature of the measuring sensitivity of DSCM that can be varied by different amplification of the optical arrangement is first presented. This advantage may be superior to those available in other optical metrology methods like Electronic Speckle Pattern Interferometry (ESPI) in micro-deformation measurements. The applications of strain measurement and nondestructive testing are described and the advantages of DSCM are obvious. Some examples of material behavior measurement and plastic strain measurement are presented. Due to the high sensitivity of DSCM, another potential application in nondestructive testing (NDT) is also described in this paper. From the application examples given, this advanced DSCM proves to be a new and effective optical strain sensing technique especially for small objects or micro-deformation measurements.
A novel technique in optical metrology is developed for small zone measurement. The technique consists of a double lenses optical arrangement and an improved digital speckle correlation technique. This new method provides the possibility of high sensitivity for deformation measurements. A theoretical analysis and an experimental result confirmed that a 2 nm resolution can be realized. Some application examples are presented in the paper.
We report a novel scheme of making programmable binary optical elements using the cathode- ray tube coupled liquid crystal light valve (CRT-LCLV) spatial light modulator (SLM). The CRT-LCLV is a kind of electronically addressed SLM. The programmable code can be directly input onto the CRT-LCLV SLM using a microcomputer. The programmable Fresnel lens is as an example of the programmable binary optical elements. The Fresnel lens function is written onto each pixel of the CRT-LCLV spatial light modulator. Experimental results of making programmable binary optical elements using CRT-LCLV spatial light modulator are presented.
Thermographic non-destructive testing (NDT) based on the thermal resistance effect of defects is developed for the inspection of delaminated and sandwiched defects embedded in composite structures. The resolution is examined for the artificial delaminated defects in carbon fiber honeycomb structures using the conventional infrared radiation heating. Experimental results demonstrate that the radiation heating is effective for the accurate defect inspection of composite structure samples. We have developed an experimental and computational hybrid system which can be applied to detect defects in various composite structures. The system consists of an infrared thermal video system by which the temperature distribution of body surface can be measured, a computer with a PIP-1024B image board carrying out image processing of thermograms, and a HP ink jet XL printer. By applying the system to honeycomb sandwich structures and delaminated composite structures, various types of defects lying between the honeycomb core and the surfaces as well as between the internal layer and the surface of delaminated structures have been examined. It is found that the method is extremely applicable to defect detection of honeycomb sandwich structures and composite materials delaminated structures.
A new computer-controlled phase-shifting apparatus based on polarization techniques is developed. This apparatus changes phase only by rotating a polarizer using a precise step motor and a specially designed decelerator. The precision of this method can be higher than other methods because of the accurate control of the rotating angle. Four applications of this technique to optical interlerometry and 3-D shape measurements are presented.
A new computer-controlled Phase-shifting apparatus based on polarization techniques is developed. This apparatus changes the phase only by rotating a polarizer using a precision step motor. The precision of this method can be higher than other methods due to the accurate control of rotating angle. Several applications of this technique to optical interferometry and 3D shape measurements are presented.
A new Electronic Shearing Speckle Pattern Interferometer (ESSPI) with continuously variable sensitivity is described. This new instrument not only provides variable sensitivity and improved shearing range but it also increases the maximum shearing sensitivity. It will be well suited to nondestructive testing applications in industry.
Access to the requested content is limited to institutions that have purchased or subscribe to SPIE eBooks.
You are receiving this notice because your organization may not have SPIE eBooks access.*
*Shibboleth/Open Athens users─please
sign in
to access your institution's subscriptions.
To obtain this item, you may purchase the complete book in print or electronic format on
SPIE.org.
INSTITUTIONAL Select your institution to access the SPIE Digital Library.
PERSONAL Sign in with your SPIE account to access your personal subscriptions or to use specific features such as save to my library, sign up for alerts, save searches, etc.