Peripheral vision not only plays a vital role in daily visual tasks, such as locomotion and detection but there is also the hypothesis that peripheral refraction could influence eye growth and myopia development. In 1971 Hoogerheide et al. suggested an increased risk for humans to become myopic if the peripheral refractive errors tend to be hyperopic, i.e., positive relative peripheral refraction (RPR). The hypothetical link discovered between peripheral refraction and myopia development has opened a series of scientific investigations to confirm the theory and understand the underlying foundations. In this way, high-quality peripheral refractometry has gained importance in the study of myopia. Clinical aberrometers are efficient and robust instruments for measuring wavefront error for central vision; however, to measure aberrometry in the peripheral field, several difficulties arise that prevent standardization for clinical use. In the present work, we develop a new type of scanning aberrometer to improve and simplify the system for the analysis of peripheral refraction. Four physical eye models were made to provide a stable sample resembling a human eye and validate the new methodology. The purpose of this study is to investigate the characteristics of the current system to determine the factors that limit the employability of the instrument, and it is aimed at the development of the gold standard technology for peripheral refraction measurement, making the instrument more economical, simple to use and offering the highest possible measurement quality. The validation has been done by a comparative analysis between theoretical and experimental results showing good correlation. The results of this study will provide us with helpful information when conducting studies in human eyes using this new apparatus.
A liquid crystal on silicon spatial light modulator (LCoS-SLM), operating in phase only modulation mode, was used to dynamically control the aperture diameter in an adaptive optics system. The LCoS-SLM was optically conjugated to the Fourier plane of the collimator lens focused on the stimulus. A projector was used to produce stimulus in white light. A dedicated phase profile, resembling an axicon lens, but with a constant phase within the diameter of the intended aperture, was programmed on the LCoS-SLM. The portion of the wavefront passing through the central zone with constant phase remained non-modulated, while the wavefront passing through the axicon lens was propagated away from the optical axis. A field-stop was included in an additional plane to further filter the diverging light. The phase mask acted as a low-pass spatial filter, simulating the virtual effect of a physical aperture. To evaluate the performance of the method, a motorized iris was placed into a plane optically conjugated to the LCoS-SLM. The experimental modulation transfer functions of the system were compared when obtained through the physical aperture and with the phase mask production the virtual pupil. It was found that the phase mask generated by the LCoS-SLM performs similarly to the real aperture, although the field of view had to be limited to filter out the wavefront coming from the axicon lens. This method allows, under certain conditions, to use a single LCoS-SLM to control both intensity and phase simultaneously in a system.
We present a new adaptive optics visual simulator (AOVS), allowing to both measure and manipulate the optical aberrations of the eye of any patient, including those with large refractive errors. The instrument incorporates a Hartmann-Shack wavefront sensor (HS), a liquid crystal on silicon spatial light modulator (LCOS-SLM), and a variable lens. A motorized diaphragm with a variable diameter ranging from 0.5 to 8.2 mm was incorporated at the exit pupil plane of the instrument, permitting visual testing for any pupil size. Presenting of visual stimuli was done using a high definition digital light processing projector (DLP), which provided provided bright, realistic visual conditions, enabling photopic vision. The AO visual simulator has been successfully proved in real subjects, including those exhibiting moderate and high levels of myopia. The AOVS was successfully tested in different subjects, including those exhibiting moderate and high levels of myopia. Aberrations were measured with the HS after pre-compensation of defocus with the variable lens, and LCOS-SLM corrected for the rest of aberrations. This visual simulator could be used in most patients, irrespectively of their refraction or the amount of aberrations.
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