Macrophages are members of the leukocyte family. Tissue damage causes inflammation and release of vasoactive and
chemotactic factors, which trigger a local increase in blood flow and capillary permeability. Then, leukocytes accumulate
quickly to the infection site. The leukocyte extravasation process takes place according to a sequence of events that
involve tethering, activation by a chemoattractant stimulus, adhesion by integrin binding, and migrating to the infection
site. The leukocyte extravasation process reveals that adhesion is an important part of the immune system. Optical
tweezers have become a useful tool with broad applications in biology and physics. In force measurement, the trapped
bead as a probe usually uses a polystyrene bead of 1 μm diameter to measure adhesive force between the trapped beads
and cell by optical tweezers. In this paper, using the ray-optics model calculated trapping stiffness and defined the linear
displacement ranges. By the theoretical values of stiffness and linear displacement ranges, this study attempted to obtain
a proper trapped particle size in measuring adhesive force. Finally, this work investigates real-time adhesion force
measurements between human macrophages and trapped beads coated with lipopolysaccharides using optical tweezers
with backscattered detection.
Granulocytes are a group of white blood cells belonging to the innate immune system in human and in murine in which eosinophils play an important role in worm infection-induced inflammation. The migration of these cells is well characterized and has been separated into four steps: rolling, adhesion, transendothelial migration, and chemotaxis, however, the physical characteristics of the chemotactic force to eosinophils from worm component remain largely unknown. Note that optical tweezers are featured in the manipulation of a single cell and the measurement of biological forces. Therefore, we propose to use optical tweezers to examine the chemotactic force to a eosinophil from a T. canis lavae preparation in terms of distance during the migration of eosinophil.
A novel high-performance thin-film transistor (TFT) with low-high-low band gap structure is proposed. We propose a novel device structure combined with low-band-gap materials for the channel region, high-band-gap materials for the source and drain offset regions, and heavily doped low-band- gap materials for ohmic contact of source and drain electrodes. We found that, as compared to a-Si:H TFT device with conventional inverted-stagger structures, the device with low-band-gap materials in the channel which possesses high conductance can effectively improve the film quality of initial growth active layer near the gate insulator interface and the grown layer. Hence the TFT device parameters such as field effect mobility, threshold voltage, subthreshold swing and ON-current have been significantly improved. This proposed novel structure with high-band-gap material is used to prevent the band to band tunneling and alleviate the high OFF-current in conventional (mu) c-Si:H thin-film transistors. The proposed high performance TFTs with low-high-low band gap structure will have a great impact in application to high resolution thin-film transistor liquid-crystal displays and active-matrix liquid- crystal displays.
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