Dr. Raymond S. Balcerak Profile

Dr. Raymond S. Balcerak

SPIE Involvement:

Author

Publications (26)

Proceedings Article | 20 March 2012 Paper

Development of nanostructure based antireflection coatings for EO/IR sensor applications

Ashok Sood, Roger Welser, Adam Sood, Yash Puri, David Poxson, Jaehee Cho, E. Fred Schubert, Nibir Dhar, Martin Soprano, Raymond Balcerak

Proceedings Volume 8257, 82571C (2012) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.914374

KEYWORDS: Antireflective coatings, Sensors, Reflectivity, Silica, Near infrared, Transmittance, Glasses, Ultraviolet radiation, Nanowires, Nanorods

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Proceedings Article | 16 September 2011 Paper

Avalanche photodiodes for high-resolution UV imaging applications

Ashok Sood, Robert Richwine, E. James Egerton, Yash Puri, Russell Dupuis, Nibir Dhar, Raymond Balcerak

Proceedings Volume 8155, 815509 (2011) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.895288

KEYWORDS: Ultraviolet radiation, Avalanche photodetectors, Signal to noise ratio, Pulsed laser operation, Interference (communication), Sensors, Target detection, Image resolution, Gallium nitride, Electrons

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Proceedings Article | 21 May 2011 Paper

Characterization of SiGe-detector arrays for visible-NIR imaging sensor applications

Ashok Sood, Robert Richwine, Adam Sood, Yash Puri, Nicole DiLello, Judy Hoyt, Tayo Akinwande, Nibir Dhar, Raymond Balcerak, Thomas Bramhall

Proceedings Volume 8012, 801240 (2011) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.889205

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Silicon, Signal to noise ratio, Diodes, Germanium, Semiconducting wafers, Staring arrays, Oxides, Photodiodes, Detector arrays

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Proceedings Article | 11 February 2011 Paper

Nanostructre based antireflection coatings for EO/IR sensor applications

Ashok Sood, Roger Welser, Adam Sood, E. James Egerton, Yash Puri, David Poxson, Sammer Chhajed Jaehee Cho, E. Fred Schubert, Dennis Polla, Nibir Dhar, Raymond Balcerak, Martin Soprano

Proceedings Volume 7954, 79540W (2011) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.882535

KEYWORDS: Antireflective coatings, Sensors, Silica, Reflectivity, Ultraviolet radiation, Near infrared, Refractive index, Visible radiation, Nanowires, Nanorods

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Proceedings Article | 31 August 2010 Paper

Development of SiGe arrays for visible-near IR applications

Ashok Sood, Robert Richwine, Yash Puri, Nicole DiLello, Judy Hoyt, Nibir Dhar, Raymond Balcerak, Thomas Bramhall

Proceedings Volume 7780, 77800F (2010) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.866362

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Silicon, Germanium, Signal to noise ratio, Staring arrays, Infrared sensors, Photodiodes, Diodes, Mercury cadmium telluride, Detector arrays

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Proceedings Article | 31 August 2010 Paper

Development of GaN/AlGaN APDs for UV imaging applications

Ashok Sood, Robert Richwine, Yash Puri, Russell Dupuis, Jae-Hyun Ryou, Nibir Dhar, Raymond Balcerak

Proceedings Volume 7780, 77800E (2010) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.866361

KEYWORDS: Ultraviolet radiation, Avalanche photodetectors, Signal to noise ratio, Pulsed laser operation, Interference (communication), Sensors, Target detection, Gallium nitride, Electrons, Image resolution

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Proceedings Article | 4 May 2010 Paper

Development of low dark current SiGe-detector arrays for visible-NIR imaging sensor

Ashok Sood, Robert Richwine, Yash Puri, Nicole DiLello, Judy Hoyt, Tayo Akinwande, Nibir Dhar, Stuart Horn, Raymond Balcerak, Thomas Bramhall

Proceedings Volume 7660, 76600L (2010) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.852682

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Silicon, Germanium, Signal to noise ratio, Staring arrays, Mercury cadmium telluride, Bolometers, Infrared sensors, Diodes, Doping

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Proceedings Article | 28 August 2009 Paper

Design considerations using APD detectors for high resolution UV imaging applications

Ashok Sood, Robert Richwine, Yash Puri, Stuart Horn, Raymond Balcerak

Proceedings Volume 7419, 74190V (2009) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.829900

KEYWORDS: Ultraviolet radiation, Avalanche photodetectors, Signal to noise ratio, Sensors, Pulsed laser operation, Interference (communication), Image resolution, Target detection, Systems modeling, Gallium nitride

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Proceedings Article | 7 May 2009 Paper

Development of low dark current SiGe-detector arrays for visible-NIR imaging sensor

Ashok Sood, Robert Richwine, Yash Puri, Nicole DiLello, Judy Hoyt, Tayo Akinwande, Stuart Horn, Ray Balcerak, Gary Bulman, Rama Venkatasubramanian, Arvind D'Souza, Thomas Bramhall

Proceedings Volume 7298, 72983D (2009) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.820896

KEYWORDS: Silicon, Sensors, Signal to noise ratio, Semiconducting wafers, Germanium, Superlattices, Diodes, Etching, Staring arrays, Oxides

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Proceedings Article | 26 August 2008 Paper

Microbolometer sensor model for performance predictions and real-time image generation of infrared scenes and targets

Robert Richwine, Yash Puri, Ashok Sood, Raymond Balcerak, Stuart Horn, Glenn Baker, Michael Wilson

Proceedings Volume 7055, 70550T (2008) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.801337

KEYWORDS: 3D modeling, Sensors, Minimum resolvable temperature difference, Bolometers, Performance modeling, Atmospheric modeling, Modulation transfer functions, Image sensors, Signal to noise ratio, Thermal modeling

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Presented is a comprehensive, physics-based model for microbolometer detector and sensor performance prediction. The model combines equations found in the literature and various standard models that generate NETD, MRTD, 3-D noise statistics and atmosphere characteristics (MODTRAN-based), with a comprehensive microbolometer model and HgCdTe model developed by the author to provide an end-to-end detector/FPA/sensor analysis and design tool, as well as a realistic image sequence generation tool. The model characterizes the individual pixel element based on the structure used, the various layer thicknesses, the electrical and thermal characteristics of the bolometer material and the biasing and readout circuit, and uses these results to calculate response and noise, NEP and NETD. The NETD, MTF and MRTD are predicted from the optics, detector and readout. Predicted NETD has been compared and verified with values found in literature, results from other models, and to uncooled camera measurements. The MRTD prediction has been verified with camera measurements and with standard industry MRTD model outputs. The model also calculates atmospheric path radiance and transmittance for horizontal paths based on MODTRAN outputs for the LWIR band at altitudes from 0 to 10km and ranges from 1 to 50km for assessments of air-to-air engagement SNR's. The model in matlab utililizes a 3-D noise model to provide accurate realistic imagery used to present realistic sensor images and to further validate the NETD and MRTD routines.(1) Images at 30Hz and 60Hz have been generated for visual assessment by the user and have mirrored industry model results and real-time camera images for MRTD's for the temporal noise case. The model's 3-D noise generation feature allows the prediction of MRTD vs. frequency under any 3-D noise combination. This model provides an end-to-end performance prediction tool useful in bolometer element design, readout design and for system level trade studies.

Proceedings Article | 15 May 2008 Paper

Design considerations for SiGe-based near infrared imaging sensor

Ashok Sood, Robert Richwine, Yash Puri, Oluwamuyiwa Olubuyide, Nicole DiLello, Judy Hoyt, Tayo Akinwande, Raymond Balcerak, Stuart Horn, Thomas Bramhall, Daniel Radack

Proceedings Volume 6940, 69400M (2008) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.780768

KEYWORDS: Signal to noise ratio, Sensors, Germanium, Infrared sensors, Near infrared, Silicon, Diodes, Black bodies, Staring arrays, Indium gallium arsenide

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Proceedings Article | 30 April 2007 Paper

EO/IR sensor model for evaluating multispectral imaging system performance

Robert Richwine, Ashok Sood, Raymond Balcerak, Ken Freyvogel

Proceedings Volume 6543, 65430W (2007) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.721222

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Signal to noise ratio, Atmospheric modeling, Mercury cadmium telluride, Short wave infrared radiation, Staring arrays, Mid-IR, Infrared sensors, Domes, Performance modeling

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Proceedings Article | 7 September 2006 Paper

A comprehensive model for bolometer element and uncooled array design and imaging sensor performance prediction

Robert Richwine, Raymond Balcerak, Chuck Rapach, Ken Freyvogel, Ashok Sood

Proceedings Volume 6294, 62940F (2006) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.682836

KEYWORDS: Bolometers, Electro optical modeling, Performance modeling, Thermal modeling, Resistance, 3D modeling, Data modeling, Minimum resolvable temperature difference, Thermography, Cameras

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Proceedings Article | 7 September 2006 Paper

A HgCdTe detector/FPA/sensor model for evaluation of VLWIR to SWIR sensors with an assessment of SWIR sensors for strategic and tactical missions

Robert Richwine, Raymond Balcerak, Ken Freyvogel, Ashok Sood

Proceedings Volume 6294, 62940E (2006) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.682835

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Signal to noise ratio, Mercury cadmium telluride, Missiles, Short wave infrared radiation, Airglow, Domes, Atmospheric sensing, Mid-IR, Staring arrays

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Proceedings Article | 17 May 2006 Paper

Development of high performance radiation hardened antireflection coatings for LWIR and multicolor IR focal plane arrays

Ashok Sood, Yash Puri, Latika Becker, Meimei Tidrow, Raymond Balcerak, Gregory Brill, Priyalal Wijewarnasuriya, Nibir Dhar, Paul Boieriu, Chad Fulk, Siva Sivananthan, Joseph Yehoda, Steve Finke

Proceedings Volume 6206, 620615 (2006) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.667812

KEYWORDS: Silicon, Antireflective coatings, Silicon films, Long wavelength infrared, Semiconducting wafers, Ozone, Staring arrays, Thin films, Coating, Diamond

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Proceedings Article | 31 May 2005 Paper

Progress in the development of vertically integrated sensor arrays

Raymond Balcerak, Stuart Horn

Proceedings Volume 5783, (2005) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.609465

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Semiconducting wafers, Silicon, Staring arrays, Signal processing, Integrated circuits, Etching, Dielectrics, High dynamic range imaging, Sensor technology

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Proceedings Article | 27 May 2005 Open Access

Vertically integrated sensor array technology for unattended sensor networks

Raymond Balcerak, John Thurston, Jonathan Breedlove

Proceedings Volume 5796, (2005) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.606910

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Unattended sensors, Sensor networks, Sensor technology, Signal processing, Staring arrays, Data communications, Sensor performance, Infrared sensors, Optical sensors

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Proceedings Article | 22 October 2004 Paper

Design and development of multicolor detector arrays

Ashok Sood, E. James Egerton, Yash Puri, Enrico Bellotti, Latika Becker, Raymond Balcerak, Siva Sivananthan

Proceedings Volume 5564, (2004) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.565140

KEYWORDS: Mercury cadmium telluride, Sensors, 3D modeling, Staring arrays, Arsenic, Chemical elements, Instrument modeling, Mercury, Detector arrays, Infrared detectors

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Multi-color infrared (IR) focal planes are required for high performance sensor applications. These sensors will require multi-color focal plane arrays (FPA) that will cover various wavelengths of interest in MWIR/LWIR and LWIR/VLWIR bands. There has been a significant progress in HgCdTe detector technology for multi-color MWIR/LWIR and LWIR/VLWIR focal plane arrays [1,2,3]. Two-color IR FPA eliminate the complexity of multiple single-color IR FPAs and provide a significant reduction of weight and power in a simpler, reliable and affordable systems. The complexity of multicolor IR detector MWIR/LWIR makes the device optimization by trial and error not only impractical but also merely impossible. Too many different geometrical and physical variables need to be considered at the same time. Additionally material characteristics are only relatively controllable and depend on the process repeatability. In this context the ability of performing simulation experiments where only one or a few parameters are carefully controlled is paramount for a quantum improvement of a new generation of multicolor detectors for various applications. Complex multi-color detector pixels cannot be designed and optimized by using a conventional 1D models. Several additional physical phenomena need to be taken into account. In designing a conventional photovoltaic IR detector array, a trade off exists on the choice of the pixel pitch, the pixel area and its height. The main goal of the device optimization is to reduce the pixel cross talk while keeping a high filling factor and detection efficiency. If the pixel height is made comparable to the lateral pixel dimension the contribution of the lateral photocurrent and lateral generation-recombination current becomes relevant and a full 2D simulation needs to be performed. It also important to point out that the few attempts to perform 2D simulations have reached the conclusion that for advanced IR arrays a full 3D approach should be used. The most challenging aspect of the array design and simulation is the pixel cross-talk effects. Since this is caused by the interaction with the four nearest neighboring pixels, even a description based on a 2D simulation model in most cases is not adequate. It is consequently important to include results from 3D simulation models as a guide to build lower dimensionality models.

Proceedings Article | 12 November 2001 Paper

Advances in linear and area HgCdTe APD arrays for eyesafe LADAR sensors

Michael Jack, James Asbrock, C. Anderson, Steven Bailey, George Chapman, E. Gordon, P. Herning, Murray Kalisher, Kim Kosai, V. Liquori, Valerie Randall, Joseph Rosbeck, Sanghamitra Sen, P. Wetzel, Maurice Halmos, Patrick Trotta, Andrew Hunter, John Jensen, Terence de Lyon, W. Johnson, B. Walker, Ward Trussel, Andy Hutchinson, Raymond Balcerak

Proceedings Volume 4454, (2001) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.448175

KEYWORDS: Avalanche photodetectors, Mercury cadmium telluride, Liquid phase epitaxy, Diodes, Sensors, LIDAR, Semiconducting wafers, Reactive ion etching, Photomicroscopy, Laser systems engineering

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Proceedings Article | 10 October 2001 Paper

Uncooled IR technology and applications

Stuart Horn, Dieter Lohrmann, James Campbell, Philip Perconti, Raymond Balcerak

Proceedings Volume 4369, (2001) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.445289

KEYWORDS: Cameras, Sensors, Infrared cameras, Staring arrays, Infrared imaging, Thermography, Infrared sensors, Infrared technology, Signal to noise ratio, Bridges

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Proceedings Article | 19 September 2001 Paper

3D flash ladar at Raytheon

Maurice Halmos, Michael Jack, James Asbrock, C. Anderson, Steven Bailey, George Chapman, E. Gordon, P. Herning, Murray Kalisher, Louis Klaras, Kim Kosai, V. Liquori, Mike Pines, Valerie Randall, Robin Reeder, Joseph Rosbeck, Sanghamitra Sen, Patrick Trotta, P. Wetzel, Andrew Hunter, John Jensen, T. DeLyon, Charlie Trussell, James Hutchinson, Raymond Balcerak

Proceedings Volume 4377, (2001) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.440096

KEYWORDS: Avalanche photodetectors, Sensors, LIDAR, Staring arrays, 3D acquisition, Mercury cadmium telluride, Signal to noise ratio, Indium, Liquid phase epitaxy, Detector arrays

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Proceedings Article | 21 July 2000 Paper

Unattended imaging sensors

Raymond Balcerak

Proceedings Volume 4040, (2000) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.392567

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Cameras, Optical sensors, Unattended sensors, Imaging systems, Infrared radiation, Infrared imaging, Infrared cameras, Infrared sensors, Short wave infrared radiation

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Proceedings Article | 17 July 2000 Paper

Uncooled infrared sensors: rapid growth and future perspective

Raymond Balcerak

Proceedings Volume 4028, (2000) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.391763

KEYWORDS: Cameras, Sensors, Infrared cameras, Infrared sensors, Process control, Defense and security, Signal processing, Staring arrays, Manufacturing, Electronics

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Proceedings Article | 26 July 1999 Paper

Uncooled IR imaging: technology for the next generation

Raymond Balcerak

Proceedings Volume 3698, (1999) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.354510

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Infrared sensors, Infrared imaging, Thermography, Infrared radiation, Electronics, Signal processing, Infrared detectors, Silicon, Staring arrays

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Proceedings Article | 12 April 1996 Paper

Advances in uncooled LWIR thermal sensors

Raymond Balcerak, A. Trent DePersia

Proceedings Volume 2685, (1996) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.237691

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Signal processing, Microbolometers, Infrared sensors, Imaging systems, Cameras, Staring arrays, Temperature metrology, Silicon, Infrared imaging

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Proceedings Article | 24 April 1995 Paper

Technology for infrared sensors produced in low volume

Raymond Balcerak

Proceedings Volume 2397, (1995) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.206867

KEYWORDS: Manufacturing, Sensors, Infrared sensors, Cryogenics, Staring arrays, Electronics, Sensor technology, Prototyping, Design for manufacturability, Defense technologies

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