Coherent optical intersatellite links for high data rate transmission shall be verified in orbit for the first time in conjunction with the TerraSAR-X mission scheduled for launch in 2005. The Optical Terminals are developed and currently built at Tesat-Spacecom with funding support from the German Space Agency (DLR). Detailed results will be presented on terminal design, performance and program status.
New pump module concepts had to be developed for space borne applications, because a simple transformation of terrestrial solutions to space requirements was often not useful. A planar approach has been chosen, which prevents inherent draw-backs of stacks.
We present first, promising experiments with a novel, compact and simple Nd:YVO4 slab laser with 12 W of 1.06 μm optical output power and a beam quality factor M2 ∼ 2.5. The laser is made of a diffusion-bonded YVO4/Nd:YVO4 composite crystal that exhibits two unique features. First, it ensures a one-dimensional heat removal from the laser crystal, which leads to a temperature profile without detrimental influence on the laser beam. Thus, the induced thermo-optical aberrations to the laser field are low, allowing power scaling with good beam quality. Second, the composite crystal itself acts as a waveguide for the 809 nm pump-light that is supplied from a diode laser bar. Pump-light shaping optics, e.g. fast- or slow-axis collimators can be omitted, reducing the complexity of the system. Pump-light redundancy can be easily achieved. Eventually, the investigated slab laser might be suitable for distortion-free high gain amplification of weak optical signals.
This paper describes the design and performance of the TESAT Reference Laser Head, acting as the frequency reference for the ALADIN Transmit Assembly (TXA) for the ESA AEOLUS satellite. First measurements of short time frequency stability (130 kHz rms over 360 sec) and digitally controlled coarse and fine step tuning functionality will be presented.
Tesat-Spacecom is currently building a set flight models of frequency stabilized lasers for the ESA Missions AEOLUS and LTP. Lasers with low intensity noise in the kHz region and analogue tuning capabilities for frequency and output power are developed for the on board metrology of the LTP project, the precursor mission for LISA. This type of laser is internally stabilized by precise temperature control, approaching an ALLAN variance of 10-9 for 100 sec. It can be easily locked to external frequency references with <50kHz bandwidth. The Seed laser for the AEOLUS mission (wind LIDAR) is used as the master frequency reference and is stabilized internally by a optical cavity. It shows a 3* 10-11 Allan variance from time intervals 1 sec - 1000 sec. Furthermore it is step-tunable for calibration of the receiver instrument with a speed of GHz / sec by a digital command interface. Performance and environmental test results will be presented.
Coherent LIDAR systems require a frequency-stable and tunable seed laser source [1]. In general, a cw laser acts as an injection seeder for a Master Oscillator Power Amplifier system. The seed laser has to be a singlefrequency source that can be tuned over several GHz in order to compensate for Doppler-induced frequency shifts of the return signal. For the ESA AEOLUS mission [2], Tesat-Spacecom has developed and flightqualified a cw 1064 nm seed laser, the Reference Laser Head (RLH) for the high-power UV Doppler LIDAR instrument ALADIN [3]. Three RLH flight models (FMs) have been delivered. This paper details their design and performance data measured during development, qualification, and acceptance test campaigns. The lasers and laser diode pump modules are spin-offs of Tesat-Spacecom's development for intersatellite coherent laser communication terminals [4].
Laser communication terminals with data rates far above 1 Gbps have been in operation in orbit since January 2008, and the links established between two low Earth orbit (LEO) satellites have demonstrated error-free communication. Bit error rates better than 10−11 have been achieved without data encoding. Signal acquisition can be reproducibly achieved within a few seconds. After adaptation to larger link separation distances these laser communication terminals will be used in the low earth orbit-geosynchronous satellite (LEO-GEO) link of European data relay satellite (EDRS), the GEO European data relay system. LEO-to-ground and ground-to-LEO links have examined the impact of the atmosphere on such optical links. In the future, high data rate GEO-to-ground links will require ground stations equipped with adaptive optics, which are currently under development.
For the first time, laser communication terminals will be operational in a commercial service, EDRS, the European Data
Relay System. Future earth observation satellites call for satellite-to-ground links with high availability to make their
data immediately available to the user. High availability is only achieved by GEO relay links, i.e. communication links
from LEO satellites to a geostationary relay satellite which transmits the data to the ground. While RF communication
limits the GEO relay's data rate to roughly 1 Gbps optical communication will extend its capacity into the 10 Gbps
range.
Today, laser communication terminals operated in LEO-LEO, LEO-to ground and ground-to-LEO links, all at a data
rate of 5.625 Gbps, are applied in campaigns with scientific objectives and for technology demonstrating purposes.
Adapted to the larger link distance of the LEO-to-GEO link the laser communication terminals will be applied in the
GEO relay EDRS operated for the time being at 1.8 Gbps. Terminals will be delivered for the accommodation on
Alphabus, EDRS-A and EDRS-C, European GEO-satellites, and on Sentinel-1a and Sentinel-2a, European LEO
satellites.
Since February 2008 coherent laser communication links are operational in-orbit. Transmitting data at a rate of
5.625 Gbps they verify the capability of laser communication exemplarily in LEO-LEO and Ground-LEO
constellations. The LEO-LEO links run with a bit error rate of 10-11. Acquisition typically is closed within seconds. On
the basis of these results laser communication terminals are adapted to LEO-GEO links with a still scalable user data
rate of 1.8 Gbps. The terminals will be applied in the European data relay system.
Today, coherent optical inter-satellite links are operational in LEO-LEO constellations for more than two years. With
data transmitted error free at rate of 5.625 Gbps and links established within a few seconds they prove a performance
well suited for commercial applications. For the first time coherent LEO-to-ground links have been built up, too. They
allow to investigate the atmosphere's impact on optical space-to-ground links for later optimization of optical ground
stations.
Berry Smutny, Hartmut Kaempfner, Gerd Muehlnikel, Uwe Sterr, Bernhard Wandernoth, Frank Heine, Ulrich Hildebrand, Daniel Dallmann, Martin Reinhardt, Axel Freier, Robert Lange, Knut Boehmer, Thomas Feldhaus, Juergen Mueller, Andreas Weichert, Peter Greulich, Stefan Seel, Rolf Meyer, Reinhard Czichy
A 5.6 Gbps optical communication link has been verified in-orbit. The intersatellite link uses homodyne BPSK (binary phase shift keying) and allows to transmit data with a duplex data rate of 5.6 Gbps and a bit error rate better than 10-9 between two LEO satellites, NFIRE (U.S.) and TerraSAR-X (Germany). We report on the terminal design and the link performance during the measurement campaign. As an outlook we report on the flight units adapted to LEO-to-GEO intersatellite links that TESAT currently builds and on plans to study GEO-to-ground links.
Berry Smutny, Robert Lange, Hartmut Kämpfner, Daniel Dallmann, Gerd Mühlnikel, Martin Reinhardt, Karen Saucke, Uwe Sterr, Bernhard Wandernoth, Reinhard Czichy
Laser communication terminals based on homodyne BPSK are under in-orbit verification in LEO-to-ground and duplex
LEO-LEO 5.65 Gbps links. With the LEO-to-ground link beacon-less acquisition has been verified as a reliable and
quick acquisition procedure with acquisition times less than one minute.
Summer 2007, Tesat will verify laser communication terminals based on homodyne BPSK (binary phase shift keying) in-orbit. A 5.625 Gbps LEO-LEO laser communication link, established between the German satellite TerraSAR-X and the US satellite NFIRE, shall demonstrate the performance and advantages of laser communication. End of 2006, a further program has been kicked-off to demonstrate the performance of ~2 Gbps LEO-GEO laser communication links. The link is part of a data relais from the German LEO satellite TanDEM-X via a Geo satellite to ground. The LEO-to-GEO laser commmunication link can be extended to further ~2 Gpbs GEO-GEO, and GEO-to-ground links.
Tesat-Spacecom has developed a series of fiber coupled single frequency lasers for space applications ranging from onboard
metrology for space borne FTIR spectrometers to step tunable seed lasers for LIDAR applications. The cw-seed
laser developed for the ESA AEOLUS Mission shows a 3* 10-11 Allen variance from 1 sec time intervals up to 1000
sec. Q-switched lasers with stable beam pointing under space environments are another field of development. One
important aspect of a space borne laser system is a reliable fiber coupled laser diode pump source around 808nm. A
dedicated development concerning chip design and packaging yielded in a 5*106h MTTF (mean time to failure) for the
broad area emitters. Qualification and performance test results for the different laser assemblies will be presented and
their application in the different space programs.
A free-space optical link based on homodyne BPSK (binary phase shift keying) has been established between two of the
Canary islands, La Palma and Tenerife, to transmit 5.625 Gpbs across 142 km. This link verifies homodyne BPSK as a
robust modulation scheme even for the transmission through the atmosphere.
For a number of reasons homodyne BPSK (binary phase shift keying) is superior to all other optical modulation schemes. Since BPSK has been verified as a reliable technique for space applications, laser communication terminals based on this modulation scheme are ready for in-orbit verification, which is the goal of the running LCTSX program. With this, an optical satellite-to-ground link shall be established to verify the impact the atmosphere has on a homodyne BPSK based communication link as well as the pointing and tracking performance of a laser communication terminal. In a follow-on program, an optical inter-satellite link will be established to verify the communication performance.
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