In this work, we investigate the spectral and polarization characteristics of a vacuum photosensor with a nanoscale molybdenum blade as a sensing element. The results of theoretical and experimental studies of the optical fields in the sensor and the photocurrent produced by laser beam irradiation in the range of wavelengths from the visible to the near infrared are presented. The existence of a photo-response far beyond the red threshold of the classical photoelectric effect is ensured by the localization of an external strong electrostatic field. Features of the field interaction of radiation with a molybdenum blade cause the registered spectral non-monotonicity of the photocurrent value, which corresponds to the results of theoretical studies. The ballistic transport of electrons in a vacuum is characterized by a high speed. Achieved results made the photosensor based on nanoscale molybdenum blade promising in the development of ultrafast vacuum micro and nanoelectronic devices.
Low-coherence reflectometry with the intensity moments analysis in application to laser-pumped dye-doped random medium characterization is discussed in this paper. A fluorescence radiation induced by the laser pumping formed a stochastic interference pattern. The established relationship between the second and third-order moments of multiple scattered fluorescence intensity, the coherence function, and the probability density distribution of the path length differences obtained using the Monte Carlo modeling allows us to characterize the general tendencies relating suppression of the stochastic interference of the quasi-monochromatic light in random multiple scattering media.
A technique of the low-coherence reflectometry was applied to characterize the structure of foamed polylactide matrices. This technique is based on the analysis of the decaying output of a low-coherence scanning interferometer with a diffusively backscattering probed sample in the object arm. Estimations of the decay rate for the interferometer output allowed us to characterize the influence of the foaming parameters on the mean transport free path of light propagation in the examined foamed matrices. It was established that foaming in the vicinity of the critical point of the plasticizing and foaming agent (carbon dioxide) leads to a smaller average size of pores in the synthesized matrices compared to the foaming parameters far from the critical point.
The work is devoted to the determination of the antibacterial activity of methylene blue under the action of ultraviolet radiation, laser radiation (660 nm), as well as their combined effect on standard strains of the bacteria Candida albicans, Staphylococcus aureus FDA 209P and Lactobacillus in vitro. When exposed to all the tested strains, a tendency was revealed with the most pronounced inhibitory effect with the combined action of laser and ultraviolet radiation together with the MB solution. Clinical studies of the in vivo use of methylene blue with the combined effect of ultraviolet and laser radiation (660 nm) in the treatment of chronic recurrent aphthous stomatitis in humans have also been conducted.
In this work, we describe the technology and design of planar multilayer structure. It is used as a sensitive element of the vacuum photosensor. Metal and dielectric layers are of nanoscale thickness. It is shown that the use of a thin molybdenum blade in the structure ensures the localization of the electrostatic field and increases the photosensitivity of the vacuum sensor. Submicron inter-electrode gaps provide a short transit time of the electron beam caused by the action of a light pulse. The ballistic transport of electrons in a vacuum is characterized by a high speed.
We consider the practical realization of a new optical probe method of the random media which is defined as the reference-free path length interferometry with the intensity moments analysis. A peculiarity in the statistics of the spectrally selected fluorescence radiation in laser-pumped dye-doped random medium is discussed. Previously established correlations between the second- and the third-order moments of the intensity fluctuations in the random interference patterns, the coherence function of the probe radiation, and the path difference probability density for the interfering partial waves in the medium are confirmed. The correlations were verified using the statistical analysis of the spectrally selected fluorescence radiation emitted by a laser-pumped dye-doped random medium. Water solution of Rhodamine 6G was applied as the doping fluorescent agent for the ensembles of the densely packed silica grains, which were pumped by the 532 nm radiation of a solid state laser. The spectrum of the mean path length for a random medium was reconstructed.
The theoretical possibility of retrieving the additional information on the dielectric properties of the nanoparticles material by single scattering in suspensions was studied. We have demonstrated a method of recreating the dielectric function of the material in the fundamental absorption band using the closed aperture z-scanning with the simultaneous Rayleigh scattering intensity measurements and the polarization control of an input laser beam. A possibility to recreate the form factor of the non-spherical particles or anisotropic nonlinear sensitivity for the sphere-like particles was also observed.
Features of diffusing light probes of aged liquid foams are discussed. These probes were carried out using broadband and laser radiation with the wavelength of 532 nm. Experimental data were obtained for aged samples of Gillette shaving cream as a model foamed substance. The coefficients of diffusion and collimated transmittance were applied for characterization of the structural changes in the aged wet foams. Also, the changes in the liquid fraction due to gravitational drainage were monitored using volumometric measurements in the course of the foam aging. Obtained empirical data on the diffuse and collimated transmittance were used as the reference values for correction of the spectral measurements in the visible range with a broadband source of probe light. The problem of correction of the collimated transmittance partially corrupted by the diffusing component of multiply scattered light is discussed.
The temporal evolution of the metastable and unstable foams had been studied. Diffusion wave spectroscopy was chosen as the diagnostic method, with calculation of the correlation time of the fluctuations in the intensity of the probing radiation. It was established that the correlation time increases with the time according to the power law with different parameters, depending on the type of the evolution and was found to be equal to 0.5 for the case of the metastable and to 2,52 for the unstable foam. It was also determined that the behaviour of the correlation time agrees well with the evolution of the characteristic dimensions of the scatterers in the form of bubbles in the medium, which can be used for contactless monitoring of the foaming processes in the production of the foam-like materials for various applications, for example, in the synthesis of the biocompatible polymer matrices - scaffolds.
Dielectric function of wide-zone semiconductor nanoparticles (titanium dioxide) was studied under the condition of laser pumping at various wavelengths. A closed-aperture z-scan method with simultaneous measurements of the right-anglescattered intensity was used to retrieve the real and imaginary parts of dielectric function in the dependence on the pump intensity. It was found that the efficiency of dielectric function modulation by pumping light strongly depends on detuning of the wavelength of pumping light with respect to the fundamental absorption band of nanoparticles. The ColeCole diagrammatic technique was applied for interpretation of the pump-induced changes of the dielectric function in the optical range. Applicability of the Kramers-Kronig relations for description of the observed behavior of the dielectric function is discussed.
Empirical data on the diffuse and collimated transmittance of aged liquid foams are discussed in terms of influence of mutual correlations in the scatter positions. This influence can be described introducing the static structure factor of a scattering system and occurs remarkable in the case of wet foams with gas bubbles as the basic scattering units. On the contrary, mutual correlations of basic scattering units (Plateau-Gibbs channels and vertices) in dry foams are negligible due to low values of their volume fraction. This causes dramatic changes of the scattering anisotropy of foam layers in the vicinity of the wet-to-dry transition. Some analogies can be drawn between this effect and a previously reported "optical inversion" of densely packed random media.
Results of the experimental study of changes in the bubble size statistics during aging of wet foams are discussed. It is proposed that the evolution of the bubble radii distributions can be described in terms of the one dimensional Fokker- Planck equation. The empirical distributions of the bubble radii exhibit a self-similarity of their shapes and can be transformed to a time-independent form using the radius renormalization. Analysis of obtained data allows us to suggest that the drift term of the Fokker-Planck equation dominates in comparison with the diffusion term in the case of aging of isolated quasi-stable wet foams.
Non-linear properties of titania nanoparticles were studied using the closed aperture z-scanning with the simultaneous measurements of the intensity of Rayleigh scattering. Pulsed laser light at 355 nm was applied as the probe radiation. The intensity of probe beam in the waist plane of a focusing lens was varied in the range from 5⋅106 W/cm2 to 1.1⋅1011 W/cm2. Water suspensions of 25 nm titania nanoparticles were used as the studied samples. The obtained values of nonlinear extinction and scattering intensity were used to retrieve the real and imaginary parts of the effective dielectric function of nanoparticles in the dependence on the pumping intensity. It was found that the real part of the effective dielectric function becomes negative at the pumping intensities exceeding ≈ 7⋅108 W/cm2. However, the effect of resonance excitation of localized surface modes does not occur due to very high values of the imaginary part in this case.
The effect of excitation of local surface modes in semiconductor nanoparticles is studied experimentally and theoretically for various compounds: titanium dioxide, titanium nitride, tungsten disilicide, molybdenum disilicide. Enhancement of depolarizing properties for non-spherical titania nanoparticles (nanoplatelets and nanoribbons) associated with the excitation of local surface modes is considered. The possibility to retrieve the dielectric function spectrum from the depolarization factor measurements for low-dimensional nanoparticles is discussed.
Basic features of combined-discharge low-temperature plasma formation around the surfaces of complex-contoured metal units are considered. It is shown that it makes the possibilities for synthesis of hardened high-durable coatings of hard tools appropriate for material processing in extreme load-temperature conditions. Experimental study of the coating formation was carried out in combination with the analysis of emission spectra of a low-temperature plasma cloud. Some practical examples of the coating applications are presented.
The effect of increase in the uncertainty of local polarization states of laser light forward scattered by random media was studied in the experiments with phantom scatterers. At macroscopic level this effect is related to decay in the degree of polarization of scattered light in the course of transition from single to multiple scattering. Gelatin layers with embedded titania particles were used as the phantom scatterers. Features of distributions of local polarization states in various polarization coordinates were considered.
The features of formation of interferometer output in the case of a broadband light source and random medium as a retro-reflector in the interferometer object arm are considered. It is shown for the large values of the pathlength difference the interferometer output decays exponentially with the decay rate dependent on the transport parameters of a probed random medium. This allows us to determine the transport mean free path of light propagation in the medium. This approach can e applied not only for the strongly scattering media, but also for scattering samples characterized by non-diffusive regime of light propagation.
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