In this paper, a research for the effectiveness enhancement of a Cycloidal Wind Turbine by individual active control of
blade motion is described. To improve the performance of the power generation system, which consists of several
straight blades rotating about axis in parallel direction, the cycloidal blade system and the individual active blade control
method are adopted. It has advantages comparing with horizontal axis wind turbine or conventional vertical axis wind
turbine because it maintains optimal blade pitch angles according to wind speed, wind direction and rotor rotating speed
to produce high electric power at any conditions. It can do self-starting and shows good efficiency at low wind speed and
complex wind condition. Optimal blade pitch angle paths are obtained through CFD analysis according to rotor rotating
speed and wind speed. The individual rotor blade control system consists of sensors, actuators and microcontroller. To
realize the actuating device, servo motors are installed to each rotor blade. Actuating speed and actuating force are
calculated to compare with the capacities of servo motor, and some delays of blade pitch angles are corrected
experimentally. Performance experiment is carried out by the wind blowing equipment and Labview system, and the
rotor rotates from 50 to 100 rpm according to the electric load. From this research, it is concluded that developing new
vertical axis wind turbine, Cycloidal Wind Turbine which is adopting individual active blade pitch control method can be
a good model for small wind turbine in urban environment.
In this paper, a research for the performance improvement of the straight-bladed vertical axis wind turbine is described.
To improve the performance of the power generation system, which consists of several blades rotating about axis in
parallel direction, the cycloidal blade system and the individual active blade control system are adopted, respectively.
Both methods are variable pitch system. For cycloidal wind turbine, aerodynamic analysis is carried out by changing
pitch angle and phase angle based on the cycloidal motion according to the change of wind speed and wind direction,
and control mechanism using the cycloidal blade system is realized for 1kw class wind turbine. By this method, electrical
power is generated about 30% higher than wind turbine using fixed pitch angle method. And for more efficient wind
turbine, individual pitch angle control of each blade is studied. By maximizing the tangential force in each rotating blade
at the specific rotating position, optimal pitch angle variation is obtained. And several airfoil shapes of NACA 4-digit
and NACA 6-series are studied. Aerodynamic analysis shows performance improvement of 60%. To realize this motion,
sensing and actuating system is designed.
The numerical simulation is performed for the damage induced acoustic emission and the wave propagation event of composite plates by the finite element transient analysis. The acoustic emission and the following wave motions from a predictable damage under a static loading is simulated to investigate the applicability of the explicit finite element method and the equivalent volume force model as a simulation tool of wave propagation and a modeling technique of an acoustic emission. For such a simple case of the damage event under static loading, various parameters affecting the wave motion are investigated for reliable simulations of the impact damage event. The numerical experiment is also conducted for simulating the full procedures from the impact phenomenon to the damage induced acoustic emission wave. The numerically reproduced wave signal is transformed by wavelet transform to analyze the frequency and the
resolution characteristics between the acoustic emission signals of various damage mechanisms. The high velocity and the small wave length of the acoustic emission require a refined analysis with dense distribution of the finite element and a small time step. In order to fulfill the requirement for capturing the exact wave propagation and to cover the 3-D simulation, we utilize the parallel FE transient analysis code and the high performance computing (HPC) technology.
Smart structures incorporating active materials have been designed and analyzed to improve aerospace vehicle performance and its vibration/noise characteristics. Helicopter integral blade actuation is one example of those efforts using embedded anisotropic piezoelectric actuators. To design and analyze such integrally-actuated blades, beam approach based on homogenization methodology has been traditionally used. Using this approach, the global behavior of the structures is predicted in an averaged sense. However, this approach has intrinsic limitations in describing the local behaviors in the level of the constituents. For example, the failure analysis of the individual active fibers requires the knowledge of the local behaviors. Microscopic approach for the analysis of integrally-actuated structures is established in this paper. Piezoelectric fibers and matrices are modeled individually and finite element method using three-dimensional solid elements is adopted. Due to huge size of the resulting finite element meshes, high performance computing technology is required in its solution process. The present methodology is quoted as Direct Numerical Simulation (DNS) of the smart structure. As an initial validation effort, present analytical results are correlated with the experiments from a small-scaled integrally-actuated blade, Active Twist Rotor (ATR). Through DNS, local stress distribution around the interface of fiber and matrix can be analyzed.
In this paper, the electromechanical displacements of curved piezoelectric actuators with laminated composite material are calculated using high performance computing technology, and the optimal configuration of composite curved actuator is proposed. To predict the pre-stress in the device due to the mismatch in coefficients of thermal expansion, carbon-epoxy and glass-epoxy as well as PZT ceramic are numerically modeled by using hexahedral solid elements. Because the modeling of these thin layers causes the numbers of degree of freedom to increase, large-scale structural analyses are performed through the PEGASUS supercomputer which is composed of 400 Intel Xeon CPUs. In the first stage, the curved shape of the actuator and the internal stress in each layer are obtained by the cured curvature analysis. Subsequently, the displacement due to the piezoelectric force by an applied voltage is also calculated and the performance of composite curved actuator is investigated by comparing the displacements according to the configuration of the actuator. To consider the finite deformation in the first stage and include the pre-stress in each layer in the second analysis stage, nonlinear finite element analyses will be carried out. The thickness and the elastic constants of laminated composite are chosen as design factors.
In this work, a newly proposed NDE method named Tapping Sound Analysis was verified and demonstrated. The numerically simulated reference data for the detection of the subsurface defects of laminated composites were verified experimentally. The closeness of numerical results and experimental results were checked by using the concept of feature index. According to the comparison of numerical results and experimental results, sound print (the reference data of Tapping Sound Analysis) could be successfully obtained through present numerical procedures. In order to show the performance of Tapping Sound Analysis as a NDE method, detection of delamination inside laminated composite was demonstrated. Using numerically simulated reference data and the concept of feature index, delaminated region was successfully detected. To improve the practicality of Tapping Sound Analysis, more large laminated composites were inspected. A two-dimensional image of feature indices was drawn to visualize the damaged area.
Active Fiber Composites (AFC) possess desirable characteristics for smart structure applications. One major advantage of AFC is the ability to create anisotropic laminate layers useful in applications requiring off-axis or twisting motions. AFC is naturally composed of two different constituents: piezoelectric fiber and matrix. Therefore, homogenization method, which is utilized in the analysis of laminated composite material, has been used to characterize the material properties. Using this approach, the global behaviors of the structures are predicted in an averaged sense. However, this approach has intrinsic limitations in describing the local behaviors in the level of the constituents. Actually, the failure analysis of AFC requires the knowledge of the local behaviors. Therefore, microscopic approach is necessary to predict the behaviors of AFC. In this work, a microscopic approach for the analysis of AFC was performed. Piezoelectric fiber and matrix were modeled separately and finite element method using three-dimensional solid elements was utilized. Because fine mesh is essential, high performance computing technology was applied to the solution of the immense degree-of-freedom problem. This approach is called Direct Numerical Simulation (DNS) of structure. Through the DNS of AFC, local stress distribution around the interface of fiber and matrix was analyzed.
In this paper, the electromechanical displacements of curved actuators such as THUNDER are calculated by finite element method to design the optimal configuration of curved actuators. To predict the pre-stress in the device due to the mismatch in coefficients of thermal expansion, the adhesive as well as metal and PZT ceramic is also numerically modeled by using hexahedral solid elements. Because the modeling of these thin layers causes the numbers of degree of freedom to increase, large-scale structural analyses are performed in a cluster system in this study. The curved shape and pre-stress in the actuator are obtained by the cured curvature analysis. The displacement under the piezoelectric force by an applied voltage is also calculated to compare the performance of curved actuator. The thickness of metal and adhesive, the number of metal layer are chosen as design factors.
In this work, numerical modeling of tapping sound was introduced and verified by comparison with experimental results. Closeness of numerical results and experimental results were shown by feature indices. According to the comparison of numerical results and experimental results, sound print (tapping sound data of healthy structure) can be successfully obtained through present numerical modeling tapping sound. Also, an automatic tapping device (called a mouse robot) was developed for the efficient application of tapping sound analysis to realistic structures. To show the performance of automatic tapping device, a realistic composite structure was manufactured and tested. Test results showed the usefulness of automatic tapping device and performance of tapping sound analysis.
Synthesis and properties of novel excited-state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) materials recently developed in our group are described. Highly efficient ESIPT in polymeric system has been investigated theoretically and experimentally with a semi-rigid polyquinoline possessing an intramolecular tautomerizable hydrogen bond. Poly(aryl ether) dendrimers of three different generations that are cored with photo-tautomerizable quinoline (QGn, n=1,2,3) were also synthesized and characterized to investigate the effect of dendritic architecture on the ESIPT activity. Stimulated emission and amplified spontaneous emission in these organic materials system are discussed in terms of ESIPT activity.
In this work, smart missile fins with trailing-edge-mounted retractable wedge are investigated. The wedge stretches back or forth in the chordwise direction in a means to reduce the applied pitching moment acting on the missile fins. An actuator system, which is composed of a one-way clutch bearing, driving shaft with thread and sliding nut and a piezo-bimorph beam, has been built and tested to verify the concept of the actuator. This actuator is designed to translate the rotational motion of the shaft into the linear motion of the sliding nut to generate a desired stroke. When a voltage signal is applied at a given frequency to the piezo-element, it will bend up and down. This bending action induces an angular input to the shaft, which is then rectified with the clutch bearing to the rotational output of the shaft. Preliminary tests showed that the proposed actuator system can be very effective in generating large stroke output with relatively small voltage inputs: Nearly 19mm of actuator displacement was obtained under an input voltage of 75 Vrms at a frequency level of 700 Hz. A series of experimental tests as well as CFD calculations for missile aerodynamics have been performed to investigate the effectiveness of the actuator.
In this paper, an experimental study was performed to investigate the possibility of a new NDE system - Tapping Sound Analysis (TSA). The tapping sound and contact force of healthy laminated composite structure and defective laminated composite structure were measured using tapping device. The feature extraction method based on the wavelet packet transform was used to extract features from the tapping sound. Comparing the feature of the tapping sound of healthy structure and defective structure, a feature index could be derived, which indicates the existence of defect inside the laminated composite structure. Using the feature index, the difference between the tapping sound data of the present specimens could be expressed as a single value.
The active vibration control of composite shell structure has been performed with the optimized sensor/actuator system. For the design of sensor/actuator system, a method based on finite element technique is developed. The nine-node Mindlin shell element has been used for modeling the integrated system of laminated composite shell with PVDF sensor/actuator. The distributed selective modal sensor/actuator system is established to prevent the effect of spillover. Electrode patterns and lamination angles of sensor/actuator are optimized using genetic algorithm. Continuous electrode patterns are discretized according to finite element mesh, and orientation angle is encoded into discrete values using binary string. Sensor is designed to minimize the observation spillover, and actuator is designed to minimize the system energy of the control modes under a given initial condition. Modal sensor/actuator for the first and the second mode vibration control of singly curved cantilevered composite shell structure are designed with the method developed on the finite element method and optimization. For verification, the experimental test of the active vibration control is performed for the composite shell structure. Discrete LQG method is used as a control law.
In this paper, a study based on the numerical simulation is performed to investigate the possibility of a new NDE system - Tapping Sound Analysis (TSA). Through the investigation of existing coin tap method, coin tap method cannot be used alone for the detection of defects inside general structure. TSA detects the existence of defects inside the laminated composite structures by comparing tapping sound with pre-computed sound data of healthy structures. Tapping on the structures is modeled as impact problem and solved using finite element method. Calculation of sound is formulated based on the coupled finite element and boundary element method. To extract the features from the tapping sound, wavelet packet transform is utilized. Numerical simulation of tapping sound and feature extraction scheme show that the tapping sound can be used in the identification of defects of laminated composites.
In this paper, a method based on finite element technique is developed for the design of sensor/actuator system of the active vibration control of shell structure. To prevent the adverse effect of spillover, distributed modal sensor/actuator system is established using PVDF film. Although shell structure is three-dimensional structure, the PVDF sensor/actuator system can be treated as two-dimensional. The electrode patterns and lamination angle of PVDF sensor/actuator are optimized to design the modal sensor/actuator system. Finite element programs are developed to consider curved structures having PVDF modal sensor/actuator. The nine-node shell element with five nodal degree of freedoms is used for finite element discretization. Electrode patterns and lamination angles of PVDF sensor/actuator are optimized using genetic algorithm. Sensor is designed to minimize the observation spillover, and actuator is designed to minimize the system energy of the control modes under a given initial condition. Modal sensor/actuator for the first and second modes of singly curved cantilevered shell structure are designed using above mentioned methods. For the demonstration, numerical simulation of the closed loop system is performed. Discrete LQG method is used as a control law.
In this paper, an efficient piezoelectric passive damper is newly devised to suppress the multi-mode vibration of plates. To construct the passive damper, the piezoelectric materials are utilized as energy transformer, which can transform the mechanical energy to electrical energy. To dissipate the electrical energy transformed from mechanical energy, multiple resonant shunted piezoelectric circuits are applied. The dynamic governing equations of a coupled electro-mechanical piezoelectric with multiple piezoelectric patches and multiple resonant shunted circuits is derived and solved for the one edge clamped plate. The equations of motion of the piezoelectrics and shunted circuits as well as the plate are discretized by finite element method to estimate more exactly the effectiveness of the piezoelectric passive damper. The method to find the optimal location of a piezoelectric is presented to maximize effectiveness for desired modes. The electro-mechanical coupling term becomes important parameter to select the optimal location.
In this study, distributed piezoelectric sensor/actuator systems for the vibration control of the composite plate are designed. A new 2D modal transducer theory is developed based on the finite element modeling of the integrated structure. This theory enables one to determine spatial gain distribution required for the realization of specific modal transducer, without restrictions on the geometry and boundary conditions of the structure. As the practical means for the implementation of optimal gain distribution obtained, two design methods for the distributed modal transducers are developed. First, using multi-layered PVDF film, modal transducers are designed by optimizing electrode patterns, lamination angles, and relative poling directions of each PVDF layer. Second, modal transducers are designed by dividing whole spatial area of a single PVDF film into several electrode segments and optimizing gain-weight on each electrode segment. These two design methods correspond to the approximation of a continuous function using discrete values. For the experimental demonstration, sensors/actuator systems for the control of first and second vibration modes of cantilever composite plate are designed using the proposed methods. Sensors are designed to minimize the observation spillover and actuators are designed based on the criterion of minimizing the system energy in the control modes. The real-time vibration control of integrated smart structures is successfully achieved.
To augment weakly damped lag mode stability of a hingeless helicopter rotor blade in hover, piezoelectric shunt with a resistor and an inductor circuits for passive damping has been studied. A shunted piezoceramics bonded to a flexure of rotor blade converts mechanical strain energy to electrical charge energy which is dissipated through the resistor in the R-L series shunt circuit. Because the fundamental lag mode frequency of a soft-in-plane hingeless helicopter rotor blade is generally about 0.7/rev, the design frequency of the blade system with flexure sets to be so. Experimentally, the measured lag mode frequency is 0.7227/rev under the short circuit condition. Therefore the suppression mode of this passive damping vibration absorber is adjusted to 0.7227/rev. As a result of damping enhancement using passive control, the passive damper which consists of a piezoelectric material and shunt circuits has a stabilizing effect on inherently weakly damped lag mode of the rotor blades, at the optimum tuning and resistor condition.
In order to improve the predictions of dynamic behavior in laminated composite structures, several lower vibration modes from experimental results are used to update the mechanical properties followed by the updated frequencies. As an updating process of the natural frequencies, the optimization algorithm based on conjugate gradient method is adopted. The mechanical properties of lamina, E1, E2, (nu) 12 and G12, are design parameters for the identification process. The proposed method is applied to predict the dynamic behavior of laminated composite plates of [0]8T and [+/- 45]2S separately and interchangeably. Also, the mixed case for [0]8T and [+/- 45]2S is examined to check the possibility for the improved prediction generally. The good agreement is obtained between the measured frequencies and the numerical ones. Based on the results for all the cases studied, the proposed approach has a clear potential in characterizing the mechanical properties of composite lamina.
This paper presents a region adaptive encoding scheme with JPEG decoder compatibility. This scheme adequately changes the Lagrange multiplier in R-D cost function for each block according to the segmentation information so that the important region for diagnosis can be coded with less distortion. The results show that the proposed scheme not only outperforms original JPEG but also outperforms R-D optimal thresholding JPEG in important regions with respect to image fidelity.
Distributed piezoelectric sensor and actuator have been designed for efficient vibration control of a cantilevered beam. Both PZT and PVDF are used in this study, the former as an actuator and the latter as a sensor for our integrated structure. For the PZT actuator, the position and size have been optimized. Optimal electrode shape of the PVDF sensor has been determined. For multi-mode vibration control, we have used two PZT actuators and a PVDF sensor. Electrode shading of PVDF is more powerful for modal force adjustment than the sizing and positioning of PZT. Finite element method is used to model the structure that includes the PZT actuator and the PVDF sensor. By deciding on or off of each PZT segment, the length and the location of the PZT actuator are optimized. Considering both of the host structure and the optimized actuators, it is designed that the active electrode width of PVDF sensor along the span of the beam. Actuator design is based on the criterion of minimizing the closed-loop system energy under a given initial condition. Sensor is designed to minimize the observation spill-over. Modal control forces for the residual modes have been minimized during the sensor design. Genetic algorithm, which is suitable for this kind of discrete problems, has been utilized for optimization. Discreet LQG control law has been applied to the integrated structure for real time vibration control. Performance of the sensor, the actuator, and the integrated smart structure has been demonstrated by experiments.
Using the fact that anisotropy and shape of distributed piezopolymer actuator have coupling effects with vibration modes of structure, studies on the design of distributed piezopolymer actuator are performed in order to improve the effectiveness in active control of the sound transmission through composite structures. Sound fields from integrated structure are highly influenced by the vibration modes of structure. Therefore the shape and directional characteristics of PVDF actuator can be utilized in order to design an efficient actuator by considering the relationship between vibration modes of structure and control forces of anisotropic PVDF actuator. The vibration of composite plate and the sound transmission through the plate are analyzed by using the coupled finite element and boundary element method. Some numerical calculations are carried out on sound fields from elastic plates. To investigate the effectiveness of distributed piezopolymer actuator, various PVDF actuators are applied in control simulation. The results show that the control effectiveness of distributed PVDF actuator can be enhanced by utilizing the coupling between vibration modes and the anisotropy of PVDF. These facts indicate that the anisotropy and the shape of distributed piezopolymer suggest a promising mean for the design of more efficient actuators in controlling acoustic transmission from structure.
The quality of a plastic product is determined by the material used, the mold design, and the processing conditions. The objectives of a mold design consist of a mold cooling system, a runner system, and associated gate locations with their types and sizes, and cavity design. Meanwhile, the most important processing conditions during the fill phase are the mold temperature, the melt temperature, and the filling time. In this paper, we use genetic algorithm to optimize molding conditions, which consist of the mold temperature, the melt temperature, and the filling time, based upon the results from flow simulation.
Using the fact that polyvinylidene fluoride polymer (PVDF) has the anisotropic property, a study on adaptive design of the integrated structure was carried out when the PVDF acts as distributed actuators on laminated composite plate. In this study, static, dynamic and control analysis of integrated structure were performed when directionality of both PVDF and composite materials was taken into account. In order to examine the static and dynamic behavior, an efficient finite element method was developed and various numerical verifications were performed. The appropriate combination layer angles of both PVDF and composite material which can induce desired deformed states of the integrated structure were found out. On the basis of results obtained from static and dynamic analysis, control of specific vibration mode of the structure was carried out when PVDF used as distributed actuators. In the paper, an index which can indicate the effectiveness of the actuator to a specific vibration mode of the structure was suggested. This index, named as apriori-modal controllability index, measures the directional cosine of the integrated structural vibration mode and the deformed shape induced by the actuator. To check the usefulness of the suggested index, linear optimal control law known as LQR was applied to control specific vibration mode and the closed, open-loop responses were examined. And the multimode control of the structure with single input was achieved.
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