Due to its outstanding thermal properties and low x-ray loss diamond had been considered a material for x-ray refractive optics for a long time. Several diamond lens prototypes had been produced by various groups and tested at different light sources. However a commercial grade diamond lens is not yet on the market. Because of the large number of complex fabrication steps involved (packaging, laser ablation, polishing and metrology) combined with stringent accuracy requirements (1 micron standard deviation from the designed paraboloid shape) diamond lenses are not consistent from one to another.
In this paper we will review the recent progress in lens development and share results demonstrating that a beamline-ready diamond refractive lens is now available.
The advent of 4th generation high-energy synchrotron facilities (ESRF-EBS and the planned APS-U, PETRA-IV and SPring-8 II) and free-electron lasers (Eu-XFEL and LCLS-II) allied with the recent demonstration of high- quality free-form refractive optics for beam shaping and optical correction have revived interest in compound refractive lenses (CRLs) as optics for beam transport, probe formation in X-ray micro- and nano-analysis as well as for imaging applications. Ideal CRLs have long been made available in the 'Synchrotron Radiation Workshop' (SRW), however, the current context requires more sophisticated modelling of X-ray lenses. In this work, we revisit the already implemented wave-optics model for an ideal X-ray lens in the projection approximation and propose modifications to it as to allow more degrees of freedom to both the front and back surfaces independently, which enables to reproduce misalignments and manufacturing errors commonly found in X-ray lenses. For the cases where simply tilting and transversely offsetting the parabolic sections of a CRL is not enough, we present the possibility of generating the figure errors by using Zernike and Legendre polynomials or directly adding metrology data to the lenses. We present the effects of each new degree of freedom by calculating their impact on point spread function and the beam caustics.
Beam conditioning CRL transfocator optics implemented at the Materials Imaging and Dynamics (MID) instrument of the European XFEL are described. Two CRL transfocator units are equipped with beryllium parabolic refractive lenses of large radii of curvature to provide collimated or focused x-ray beam in the 5–25 keV photon energy range. Optical schemes, design and performance of the CRL units, which were recently installed at the SASE2 photon tunnels, are presented.
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