Mr. Tommaso Milanese Profile

Tommaso Milanese

at École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne

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Publications (4)

Proceedings Article | 13 March 2024 Poster

SPADλ: a cutting-edge linear single-photon detector array for advanced time-resolved imaging applications

Stefanos Tsoukias, Harald Homulle, Tommaso Milanese, Cyril Saudan, Ivan Michel Antolovic

Proceedings Volume PC12849, PC128490V (2024) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.3011250

KEYWORDS: Single photon avalanche diodes, Single photon detectors, Detector arrays, Imaging arrays, Field programmable gate arrays, Picosecond phenomena, Fluorescence lifetime imaging, Tunable filters, Time correlated single photon counting, Time correlated photon counting

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Proceedings Article | 8 March 2024 Presentation + Paper

Piccolo gated: a CMOS 32x32 SPAD camera with all-solid-state nanosecond time gating and PCIe readout for single-photon time-domain DCS and near-infrared optical tomography

Paul Mos, Scott Lindner, Chao Zhang, Michael Wayne, Tommaso Milanese, Claudio Bruschini, Edoardo Charbon

Proceedings Volume 12895, 1289507 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2692934

KEYWORDS: Single photon avalanche diodes, Field programmable gate arrays, Quantum sensors, Time correlated single photon counting, Sensors, Optical tomography, Quantum correlations, Picosecond phenomena, Signal detection, Quantum gates

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The Piccolo gated sensor features a 32x32 SPAD array of single-photon avalanche diodes (SPADs) operating in time-correlated single-photon counting (TCSPC). The chip enables event-driven readout and a maximum count rate of 220 Mcps. The sensor is based on the original Piccolo architecture, whereas the pixel was redesigned to accommodate a sub-nanosecond time gating circuitry. As a result, the pitch was increased by 3 μm to 31 μm with a slightly lower fill factor of 23.7%. The time-gating circuitry comprises active recharge to activate the gate and a fast switch to de-activate the SPAD. The sensor is equipped with 128 dynamically allocated, 50 ps time-to-digital converters (TDCs) at the bottom of the array. Four TDCs are shared among 32 SPADs in each column, where a mechanism of reallocation is used to optimize the use of TDCs and to minimize photon loss. Time gating can reduce both uncorrelated and correlated noise by reducing overall active time and by increasing relaxation time after detection, respectively. Upon acquisition of TCSPC data, the FPGA reorganizes it in histograms, which may be dynamically allocated and reduced in the number of bins to optimize memory use and data transfer from the FPGA to an external Mac/PC. The TDCs may also be calibrated to suppress differential and integral nonlinearities on-FPGA. Timestamps are stored in DDR3 and streamed out of the FPGA through PCIe with a data rate of 5.12 Gbps. Thanks to these techniques, the maximum count rate of the sensor was increased by about 3×. The time gating feature was implemented to extend dynamic range, and therefore depth, of near-infrared optical tomography (NIROT) and g(2) multi-depth time-domain diffuse correlation spectroscopy (TD-mDCS). Time gating is especially useful in NIROT and mDCS, as it helps suppress large numbers of early photons reflected back from the sample’s surface, e.g. the skull or skin. Thus, the Piccolo-gated architecture could show its suitability in these imaging modality.

Proceedings Article | 15 March 2023 Poster + Paper

High-efficiency fill factor recovery using refractive microlens arrays imprinted on 0.5-256 kpixel front-side illuminated SPAD imagers

C. Bruschini, M. Antolovic, F. Zanella, A. Ulku, S. Lindner, A. Kalayanov, T. Milanese, E. Bernasconi, V. Pešić, E. Charbon

Proceedings Volume 12433, 124330K (2023) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2652962

KEYWORDS: Single photon avalanche diodes, Microlens, Microlens array, Imaging systems, Image sensors, Simulations, Sensors, Polymers, Reticles, Photoresist materials

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Proceedings Article | 15 March 2023 Presentation + Paper

LinoSPAD2: a 512x1 linear SPAD camera with system-level 135-ps SPTR and a reconfigurable computational engine for time-resolved single-photon imaging

Claudio Bruschini, Samuel Burri, Ermanno Bernasconi, Tommaso Milanese, Arin Ulku, Harald Homulle, Edoardo Charbon

Proceedings Volume 12430, 124300K (2023) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2652248

KEYWORDS: Single photon avalanche diodes, Field programmable gate arrays, Imaging systems, Photons, Logic, Image processing, Cameras, Picosecond phenomena, Photon counting, Data processing

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