Shortwave infrared (SWIR) imaging capitalizes on the low tissue scattering and low autofluorescence in the near infrared- II (NIR-II) window (1000 nm – 1700 nm) for in vivo imaging with deep imaging penetration and high signal-to-noise contrast. Combining NIR-I excitation and emission in SWIR window, quantitative multiplexed imaging could be applied to study biological structures or physiological phenomenon in a single specimen. This study introduces a set of three high quantum yield lead sulfide/cadmium sulfide (PbS/CdS) core/shell quantum dots (QDs) with distinct SWIR emissions (1100 – 1550 nm). Applying these QDs, we demonstrated detailed lymphatic pathway, lymphatic drainage, and spatially overlapping vascular structures, marking a significant advancement beyond the conventional two-color schemes in SWIR imaging. We further evaluated the effect of surface coatings of the QDs on the pharmacokinetics and biodistribution of QDs in mice. The capacity to differentiate several fluorescent contrast agents through SWIR detection unlocks numerous opportunities for studies of disease progression, drug pharmacokinetics and biodistribution, and cell trafficking dynamics in living organisms.
SignificancePreclinical fluorescence imaging with NIR-I (700 to 900 nm) illumination and short-wave infrared or NIR-II (1000 to 1700 nm) emission increases tissue penetration depth and improves resolution through decreased scattering. Background autofluorescence decreases signal-to-background ratios (SBR) in fluorescence imaging; maximizing SBR will further improve the impact of deep tissue imaging.AimThe impact of rodent diet, illumination wavelength, and emission range on the background fluorescence and contrast agent SBR were determined to assist with the experimental design of future imaging studies.ApproachFollowing illumination with 670, 760, or 808 nm, autofluorescence in the NIR-I (<975 nm), NIR-II (>1000 nm), and NIR-II LP (>1250 nm) regions was assessed in mice fed chow or a purified diet using an IR VIVO preclinical imager (Photon, Etc.). Comparison of the SBR of liver-localized indocyanine green in the various imaging conditions indicated when gut autofluorescence was a problematic confounder.ResultsMice fed chow exhibit high levels of background autofluorescence in the gastrointestinal tract and, to a lesser extent, skin when illuminated with 670 nm light for NIR-I imaging (700 to 975 nm), interfering with the identification of fluorescently labeled tissue. Background autofluorescence was reduced by more than two orders of magnitude by any of the following changes: (1) purified diet; (2) excitation with 760 or 808 nm illumination; or (3) emission in the NIR-II (1000 to 1600 or 1250 to 1600 nm). Although the SBR was generally sufficient for feature identification except when imaging of chow-fed mice with 670 nm excitation and NIR-I emission, switching to a purified diet, using longer excitation wavelengths, or using longer emission wavelengths improved SBR significantly.ConclusionsSystematic comparison of imaging conditions and diet highlights the reduction in autofluorescence and increase in SBR enabled by intentional choices in the experimental parameters including diet, excitation wavelength, and emission wavelength range.
Short wave infrared (SWIR) imaging is an emerging imaging modality that utilizes the near infrared-II (NIR-II) biological window, spanning from 1000 nm to 1700 nm. In comparison with traditional NIR-I imaging, SWIR imaging advances with low autofluorescence and superior tissue penetration, leading to high signal-to-noise contrast. In this study, we synthesized multiple PbS/CdS core/shell QDs with distinctive emissions across the whole NIR-II window with high quantum yields and photostability. Empowered by the core/shell QDs, we performed detailed in vivo lymphatic system mapping and multiplexed lymph node imaging that were otherwise unachievable from established NIR-I imaging.
Transabdominal imaging using photoacoustics (PA) is limited by optical attenuation of tissue due to high scattering and absorption in the near infrared (NIR) window. Tissue attenuation is lowered when imaging with longer wavelengths in the NIR window (> 950 nm). However, intrinsic optical contrast is limited in this range and exogenous agents such as gold nanorods (AuNRs) prove popular alternatives. AuNRs have unique optical absorption peaks, due to localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR), which allow tuning to wavelengths with minimal tissue attenuation. However, AuNRs tend to be bulky (> 50 nm) when adjusting peak LSPR to deep NIR wavelengths leading to poor clearance. In this study, we explored PA signal generation of a biodegradable and biocompatible semiconductor contrast agent – Cu-Fe (bornite) nanocrystals. The semiconductor nature of the nanocrystals allows for particles to be small (3-8 nm) facilitating excretion through kidneys. Here, PA signal generation of bornite was compared to two conventional photoacoustic contrast agents – AuNRs and indocyanine green dye. We found that at similar mass concentrations, bornite generated PA signal 5× greater than AuNRs. In-vivo imaging of bornite showed a 2x increase in sensitivity compared to AuNRs at similar volume concentrations.
KEYWORDS: Quantum dots, Multiplexing, Atmospheric particles, Short wave infrared radiation, Quantum efficiency, Infrared radiation, Infrared imaging, In vivo imaging, Signal to noise ratio, Shortwaves
Fluorescence bioimaging utilizing the near infrared-II (NIR-II; 1000 – 1700 nm) window, also named shortwave infrared (SWIR) imaging, exhibits superior penetration depth and signal-to-noise ratio compared to NIR-I imaging. We synthesized and characterized multiple lead sulfide/cadmium sulfide (PbS/CdS) core/shell quantum dots (QDs) with distinct, monodisperse size distributions, narrow emission, high quantum yield, and photostability for use in multiplexed NIR-II imaging. Following micelle encapsulation, the QDs are water-soluble, stably dispersed, and functionalized for easy click chemistry conjugation with targeting moieties. In vivo mice imaging with IV injected QDs showed very strong and distinctive signals for multiplexed imaging.
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