Photonic Time Crystals (PTCs) are dielectric media whose refractive index is modulated periodically in time at time scales of an optical cycle. These systems conserve momentum but not energy, and are characterized by momentum bands and bandgaps, where the amplitudes of their eigenmodes can increase (or decrease) exponentially. But more interesting than all the rest - I will discuss the classical and quantum features of light emission in PTCs from various radiation sources, such as free electrons, classical dipoles, quantum fluctuations, and the emission by atoms. The latter opens new avenues for making widely tunable lasers that extract energy from the temporal modulation of the medium.
Topological insulators are a new phase of matter, with the striking property that conduction of electrons occurs
only on the surface. In two dimensions, surface electrons in topological insulators do not scatter despite defects
and disorder, providing robustness akin to superconductors. Topological insulators are predicted to have wideranging
applications in fault-tolerant quantum computing and spintronics. Recently, large theoretical efforts were
directed towards achieving topological insulation for electromagnetic waves. One-dimensional systems with
topological edge states have been demonstrated, but these states are zero-dimensional, and therefore exhibit no
transport properties. Topological protection of microwaves has been observed using a mechanism similar to
the quantum Hall effect, by placing a gyromagnetic photonic crystal in an external magnetic field. However,
since magnetic effects are very weak at optical frequencies, realizing photonic topological insulators with scatterfree
edge states requires a fundamentally different mechanism - one that is free of magnetic fields. Recently, a
number of proposals for photonic topological transport have been put forward. Specifically, one suggested
temporally modulating a photonic crystal, thus breaking time-reversal symmetry and inducing one-way edge
states. This is in the spirit of the proposed Floquet topological insulators, where temporal variations in solidstate
systems induce topological edge states. Here, we propose and experimentally demonstrate the first external
field-free photonic topological insulator with scatter-free edge transport: a photonic lattice exhibiting topologically
protected transport of visible light on the lattice edges. Our system is composed of an array of evanescently coupled
helical waveguides arranged in a graphene-like honeycomb lattice. Paraxial diffraction of light is described by
a Schrödinger equation where the propagation coordinate acts as ‘time’. Thus the waveguides' helicity breaks zreversal
symmetry in the sense akin to Floquet Topological Insulators. This structure results in scatter-free, oneway
edge states that are topologically protected from scattering.
We describe design and performance of efficient linear-to-radial polarization and mode converter. The converter is a
spatially variable retarder (SVR), comprised of eight appropriately cut half- wave plate segments. The SVRs were
applied to perform two different tasks. First, a linearly polarized Nd:YAG TEM00 beam was converted into a radiallypolarized
LG01* beam with polarization-purity of 98% and 96% measured in the near-field and far-field respectively.
The total power-loss in the transformation was 18%. Second, a 70W Nd:YAG radially-polarized beam with beamquality
M2=2.6 was converted into a linearly polarized nearly-Gaussian beam with beam-quality M2=1.4. Taking into
account power-losses, the experimental beam-brightness was increased by a factor of 2.6. The SVR manufacture was
optimized for application to high power lasers, where minimum phase-front distortion and maximum cylindrical-
polarization purity is required. SVRs have so far been successfully tested to the kW level. The proposed converging
methods can be of high practical importance due to unique properties of radially-polarized beams.
Radially-polarized beams can be strongly amplified without significant birefringence- induced aberrations. However, further improvement of the beam quality is desirable. In effort to transform the radially-polarized beam to a nearly-Gaussian beam, we consider effect of a spiral phase element (SPE) on the Laguerre-Gaussian (LG) (0,1)* beam with radial polarization, and compare this with the case when the input beam is a LG (0,1)* beam with spiral phase and uniform or undefined polarization. The LG (0,1)* beam with radial polarization, despite its identity in intensity profile to the beam with spiral phase, has distinctly different properties when interacting with the SPE. With the SPE and spatial filter, we transformed the radially-polarized (0,1)* mode with M2=2.8 to a nearly-Gaussian beam with M2=1.7. Measured transformation efficiency was 50%, and the beam brightness P/(M2)2 was practically unchanged. The SPE affects polarization state of the radially-polarized beam, leading to appearance of spin angular momentum in the beam center at the far-field.
We developed a Nd:YAG rod-based MOPA to generate high power in a radially polarized beam. Two pump-chambers
in the amplifier section produced 2.1kW @ M2=9.5, while three pump-chambers yielded 3.1kW @ M2=14. Efficiency in
the last pump-chamber was 33%. Several techniques were utilized to enhance beam-quality: a radially polarized
oscillator, special pump-chambers, external compensation of lower-order aberrations, and high-order aberration
compensation by pairing pump-chambers.
KEYWORDS: Stars, Polarization, Oscillators, Nd:YAG lasers, Monochromatic aberrations, Optical amplifiers, Transmission electron microscopy, High power lasers, Rod lasers, Solid state lasers
We developed a Nd:YAG rod-based MOPA to generate high power in a radially-polarized beam. Two pump-chambers
in the amplifier section produced 2.1kW @ M2=9.5, while three pump-chambers yielded 3.1kW @ M2=14. Efficiency in
the last pump-chamber was 33%. Several techniques were utilized to enhance beam-quality: an azimuthally-polarized
oscillator, special pump-chambers, external compensation of lower-order aberrations, and high-order aberration
compensation by pairing pump-chambers.
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