KEYWORDS: Solar energy, Solar radiation, Absorption, Temperature metrology, Transmittance, Solar radiation models, Reflectivity, Aluminum, Earth's atmosphere, Thermal modeling
Radiative cooling as a spontaneous cooling phenomenon without any energy input has great research value and broad application prospects. However, environmental shields around the thermal emitter have a negative impact on the radiative cooling power of thermal emitters. A PTFE-Al was used as the radiative cooling thermal emitter, and the radiative cooling performances with different unilateral shielding angle were measured. The temperature difference of 7.4°C was achieved in an open and unobstructed environment, while the temperature difference of 2.8°C at the unilateral shielding angle of 90 deg. Furthermore, using the energy conservation model, we theoretically calculated the radiative cooling powers and the temperature differences of the thermal emitter under different shielding conditions, which were in good agreement with the experimental results.
We have successfully compressed the pulse duration of an all-normal-dispersion (ANDi) Yb-fiber laser to sub-100 fs by a single-mode nonlinear fiber amplifier. Through optimizing the input power, prechirp, and the pump power of the amplifier, the pulse duration of the ANDi Yb-fiber laser is compressed to 68 fs when a 2.5-m active fiber is used, although for a 3.5-m active fiber, the pulse duration of the laser can be compressed to 58 fs. We have also shown that a low relative intensity noise is maintained within the nonlinear amplification process. The experimental results prove this ultrashort-pulse-duration and low-noise laser source with moderate output power can be a good candidate for frequency comb, multiphoton imaging, coherent Raman spectroscopy, and other applications.
Development work was conducted on ferroelectric materials that are widely used for optical modulation, light generation, optical filtering, and nanophotonic devices. Ferroelectric crystals with periodic variations in the second-order nonlinearity have been applied in laser frequency conversion, generation of entangled photons, and optical solitary wave devices. Here, we show electrical and optical characteristics of a ferroelectric crystal 0.25Pb(In1/2Nb1/2)O3–0.42Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3–0.33PbTiO3 (short as PIMNT). The coercive field of PIMNT crystal with different orientation ranges from 4.9 to 5.8 kV / mm. Optical transmission and refractive indices of the crystal are investigated after being poled along different directions. The dispersion curves were fitted with Cauchy dispersion equations. The optical transmission of [011]-poled PIMNT single crystal is more than 65% above 0.5 μm, which is much higher than that of [001] and [111] directions. Orientation dependence of transition energies is presented in detail. Direct band gap, indirect band gap, and phonon energy can be adjusted with different orientations. The coercive field of PIMNT crystal is much lower than that of LiNbO3 crystal (21 kV / mm). These results show that PIMNT single crystal is a promising candidate material in nanophotonics.
Circular dichroism (CD), different absorption of RCP and LCP waves, can be strongly enhanced in chiral metamaterials. CD spectrum is very meaningful feature in both biology and chemistry to probe the conformational state. In this paper, planar chiral metamaterials (PCM) comprising of a tri-layer metal/phase-change material (VO2) /metal sandwich and conjugated gammadions are both studied theoretically by using finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method. And a wide tuning range of CD is obtained by changing temperature of VO2. Particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm is used to optimize the geometric parameters of PCM structures. A large value of circular dichroism in excess of 40% is presented in dielectric PCM, but CD drop down to 16% in the metallic PCM at λ=1.18μm. We also analyze the distribution of current modes, electric and magnetic fields at the resonant frequency to account for the above results.
As piezoelectric materials, optical properties of xPb(In1/2Nb1/2)O3–(1-x-y)Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3–yPbTiO3 single crystals were not perfectly known. Here refractive indices and optical transmission of 0.25Pb(In1/2Nb1/2)O3–0.42Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3– 0.33PbTiO3 (PIMNT) single crystal are investigated after poled along different directions. Cauchy dispersion equations of the refractive indices were obtained by least square fitting, which can be used to calculate the refractive indices in the low absorption wavelength range. After poled along [011] direction, the optical transmission of PIMNT single crystal is more than 65% above 0.5 μm, which is much higher than that of [001] and [111] directions. Energy band gap was obtained from absorption coefficient.
We present a spatial frequency domain multiplexing method for extending the imaging depth range of a SDOCT system
without any expensive device. This method uses two reference arms with different round-trip optical delay to probe
different depth regions within the sample. Two galvo scanners with different pivot-offset distances in the reference arms
are used for spatial frequency modulation and multiplexing. While simultaneously driving the galvo scanners in the
reference arms and the sample arm, the spatial spectrum of the acquired two-dimensional OCT spectral interferogram
corresponding to the shallow and deep depth of the sample will be shifted to the different frequency bands in the spatial
frequency domain. After data filtering, image reconstruction and fusion the spatial frequency multiplexing SDOCT
system can provide an approximately 1.9 fold increase in the effective ranging depth compared with that of a
conventional single-reference-arm full-range SDOCT system.
Optical properties of (1-x)Pb(Zn1/3Nb2/3)O3-xPbTiO3 (PZN-xPT, x=5%, 9% and 12%) single crystals have been
comprehensively investigated. The PZN-xPT single crystals used in this study were grown using a high temperature flux
method. Refractive indices (nij) were measured by the Brewster’s angles (θB=tan-1n) at different wavelengths. Dispersion
equations of refractive indices were obtained. After poled along [001] direction, the transmittance of PZN–12%PT single
crystal is more than 65% from 0.5 to 5.8 μm, which is much higher than that of PZN–5%PT and PZN-9%PT single
crystals. PZN–12%PT has a tetragonal phase, its spontaneous polarization PS is along [001] direction. After poling, it
could form a single domain structure. Orientation and temperature dependences of the electro-optic coefficient were
investigated at He-Ne laser by the Senarmont compensator method. Large effective electro-optic coefficient (γc = 430
pm/V) was observed in [001]-poled PZN-9%PT crystal. More importantly, γc of tetragonal PZN-12%PT is about 130
pm/V, which is almost unchanged in a temperature range -20~80 °C. The γc of PZN-xPT single crystals are much higher
than that of widely used electro-optic crystal LiNbO3 (γc = 20 pm/V). These excellent optical properties make the PZNxPT
single crystals promising candidates for electro-optic modulation applications.
We investigate the possibility of achieving the scattering cancellation cloaking at different frequencies with a single shell
composed of multiple plasmonic constituents simultaneously, without increasing the physical size of the whole system.
Our theory results based on the Mie scattering theory show that the number of cloaking frequencies can be increased by
adding extra plasmonic constituents, which are further verified by simulating electromagnetic propagation with finite
element method. A special design has also been proposed, showing its great feasibility in the practical application.
We propose an approach to control the polarization and intensity of the focusing field with multiple focal spots in a high-numerical-aperture imaging system. This focused field is explained as the reversal radiation of the dipole array with presupposed oscillating direction in the focal volume. By engineering the structure of the electric dipole array and reversing the radiation from this dipole array, the local manipulation of intensity and polarization in the focal region is achieved, and the required field at the pupil plane is derived. A focusing field with six vectorial focal spots is created as an example to verify this method. This multifocal field will meet potential application in polarization-dependent optical microscope and optical trapping for multiple particles.
We proposed a discrete complex amplitude filter to create a focused hollow field with ultra long depth of focus. As for a
high numerical aperture lens (NA=0.95), the focused field in the focal region can be engineered into a field like a long
"tube" with flat wall through manipulating the distribution of the transmitted amplitude and phase at the pupil plane.
This complex amplitude filter at the pupil plane can be discretized into multiple annular zones with different radius,
transmittances and phase delays. A focused tube field with long depth of focus(~9λ) has been created as an example
through separating and averaging of the projected pupil radiation pattern of magnetic dipole array in the focal region.
Imperfections of the designed filter will influence the quality of the generated optical tube field and tolerance deviation
of the radius, transmittance and phase delay in each zone is discussed. For the optical trapping, this created tube field can
expand the manipulated distance and increase the trapped particles' numbers.
Undoped and Mg-doped stoichiometric LiTaO3 with concentrations of 0.5, 0.7, and 1.0 mol % were grown by the double-crucible Czochralski method, and their photorefractive effect was investigated by measuring light-induced birefringence changes. Periodically poled Mg-doped stoichiometric lithium tantalate (PPMgSLT) were fabricated for QPM optical parametric oscillator, whose properties, including slope efficiency and threshold, were measured to investigate influence of photorefractive effect on optical parametric oscillator. The results showed that a concentration of 1 mol % MgO in the melt was enough to suppress photorefractive effect at tens of MW/cm2, and the OPO performance of PPMgSLT doped with 0.5 mol % MgO is only 6 % lower than that of PPMgSLT doped with 1 mol % MgO at room temperature, even though light-induced birefringence existed for the crystal doped with 0.5 mol % MgO.
We have investigated the dark decay mechanism by measuring dark decay time constants of two-color holograms recorded in undoped and slightly doped near-stoichiometric LiNbO3 and LiTaO3 crystals in the temperature range from 50 to 200 °C. All the samples in this work obey an Arrhenius-type dependence of time constant on absolute temperature, and yield nearly same activation energies of 1.08 eV. The results show that proton compensation mechanism dominated the dark decay process. Lifetimes of holograms at room temperature in LiTaO3 are one order of magnitude longer than that in LiNbO3 if having the same proton concentration.
Near-stoichiometric LiNbO3 crystals slightly doped with Mn from different Li concentrations in the melt were grown by the top seeded solution growth method. The light-induced (small polarons) absorption under UV illumination was probed using near-IR of 780 nm. The dark decay process shows a stretched-exponential behavior. The dependences of the light-induced absorption, the decay time constant, and the stretching factor on the pumping intensity were presented. The photovoltaic current intensity and the photoconductivity under UV illumination were measured by applying a DC field along the z-axis of the sample. The photoconductivity intensity showed superlinear dependence of intensity. The experimental results can be explained quantitatively by developing the two-center charge transport model with direct excitation and recombination between Mn and small polarons.
Two-color holography is an effective solution to the volatile readout problem in volume holographic data storage based on photorefractive materials. Popular materials for two-color holography are reduced doped and nondoped near-stoichiometric lithium niobate crystals. However, the lifetime at room temperature is from several weeks to several months depending on the reduction state of the material. Moreover, reductive treatment will degrade the nonvolatility of two-color holograms. The important issue for two-color holography is how to increase the lifetime. In this contribution, lifetimes of two-color nonvolatile holograms recorded in as-grown near-stoichiometric lithium niobate and tantalate crystals were compared by extrapolating the high-temperature data. The dark-decay time constants obey an Arrhenius dependence on absolute temperature and yield activity energy of 1.06 eV around in all measured crystals. Lifetimes of holograms in nondoped and slightly doped crystals depend on the proton concentration. Lifetimes of hologram in lithium tantalate are one order of magnitude longer than those in lithium niobate at the same proton concentration. The lifetime of two-color holograms in lithium tantalite is longer than 20 years.
Two-color recording is achieved in a Tb-doped near-stoichiometric LiNbO3 crystal of 3-mm thickness by use of extraordinary 778 nm information-carrying beams and ordinary 350 nm gating light. The dependences of key parameters, the two-color recording sensitivity and the dynamic range expressed by the saturated diffraction efficiency, on intensities of recording and gating beams are presented. The saturated diffraction efficiency increases with total writing intensity, and then reaches a saturated value of 56% at an intensity of 20W/cm2. The sensitivity increases linearly with gating intensity at low intensity, and then saturates with a value of 0.08 cm/J at a higher intensity than 1.6 W/cm2. The saturated sensitivity is much higher than the reported value in literature. This material shows very significant improvement on two-color holography performance. 50 plane-wave holograms are recorded by the angle-multiplexing method and an M/# of 1.13 is obtained.
Holograms are recorded in near-stoichiometric LiNbO3 doped with 8 ppm of Mn by use of two-color holographic recording method, where an IR laser of 778 nm is used for writing and an UV laser of 350 nm is used for gating. Dependences of two-color sensitivity and M/# on gating and writing intensities are presented. Significant improvements of sensitivity, M/# and dark decay are obtained compared with reduced near-stoichiometric LiNbO3. To our knowledge, the measured two-color sensitivity of 0.21 cm/J with a gating intensity of 1.5 W/cm2 is the highest among the values reported so far, which is attributed to large light-induced absorption of small polarons. 50 plane-wave holograms are recorded by the conventional angle-multiplexing method.
To enhance the recorded space-charge field and to suppress the scattering noise in the recording of photorefractive nonvolatile holograms in LiNbO3:Fe:Mn crystals, we propose and investigate a cyclic recording scheme by the repeat of a recording interval with the red pattern and the ultraviolet light and a followed post-exposure interval with ultraviolet light. The ultraviolet light used for the post- exposure not only excites more electrons into the shallower (Fe) centers to lead to faster and stronger recording for the next recording cycle, but also acts as an additional incoherent illumination to erase the initially developed scattering noise gratings. Furthermore, we have observed the self-enhancement and the self-depletion phenomena originated from the beam-coupling effect in the holographic recording. It shows that the highest diffraction efficiency available from the self-enhancement during both the recording and fixing phases may be twice as large as the lowest one from the self-depletion, and it is necessary to consider the arrangement of self-enhancement in the practical applications. As a result, such a self-enhanced accumulative recording has a great benefit for the increase of diffraction efficiency and the suppression of scatter noise, no additional equipment being needed. The detailed experimental results and corresponding theoretical analysis are given.
Nonvolatile holograms were recorded by using a long wavelength of 633 nm (He-Ne laser) for recording and a short wavelength of 458 nm (Argon ion laser) for sensitizing in double doped LiNbO3:Cu:Ce crystals. The sensitizing light increases the recording sensitivity by a - bexp(-Is/c) and saturation behavior will appear with high enough intensity of sensitizing light. The recording light increases the slope of (eta) 1/2 as a function of time during the initial stages of hologram formation by sublinear Irx (x < 1) and thus the recording light decreases the recording sensitivity. The dependence of saturation diffraction efficiency on the intensities of the recording and sensitizing light shows that there is a maximum dynamic range of the recording process.
An optically fixed photorefractive correlator is presented, where two-center nonvolatile holographic recording proposed by Buse et al is employed to write and fix the matched filer in doubly doped LiNbO3 crystals. This correlator shows good correlation characteristics and insensitivity to recording beam during readout. It can be used in those requiring stability not requiring modified for a long time, and refreshed optically when new information need be registered.
Four kinds of lithium niobate crystals doped with Cu:Ce, Mn:Cu:Ce, Mn:Fe, and Mn:Fe:Mg processed under oxidation or reduction conditions are studied experimentally for the photorefractive non-volatile holographic storage with the first scheme, i.e with ultraviolet light sensitizing and red light recording. On the condition of non-volatile holographic storage with high signal-to-noise ratio, the non-volatile diffraction efficiency of the oxidized LiNbO3:Cu:Ce crystal is the highest among all studied samples. The non-volatile holographic storage in the oxidized LiNbO3:Cu:Ce crystal is performed with the second scheme, i.e with blue light sensitizing and red light recording, and the intensity of the blue light is optimized.
This paper summarized our developments on the integration of miniaturized optical 3D systems using crystal substrates, which include a birefringence-customized stacking technique with the building blocks of double refraction and a photorefractive integration technique with the photorefractive local holograms thermally fixed by CO2 laser heating. The principles are introduced and the corresponding configurations are given, and the examples of various integrated digital optical computing systems such as logic processor, morphological image processor, and interconnection networks are shown.
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