A gold nanoparticle enhanced microwave modulation with 1.55 μm light in graphene-based antenna has been studied in this paper. The modulation of antenna radiation is achieved by the conductivity tunable characteristic of graphene, and the conductivity of graphene is controlled by light. With the introduction of the gold nanoparticles for exciting optical wave localized enhancement, the interaction between the graphene and the light is enhanced. And then the Fermi level is enlarged, leading to the enhancement of the conductivity turning rage of graphene. At last, the modulation of microwave radiation is enhanced. In the simulation, as the Fermi level of graphene increases from 0.1 eV to 0.4 eV, the S11 coefficient of resonant point of antenna changes by 8 dB. In the experiment, the 0-29.4 mw 1550 nm light is used, the S11 coefficient of graphene antenna with gold nanoparticles changes by 1 dB, which is 2 times higher than that of graphene antenna without gold nanoparticles. The result demonstrates that the microwave modulation by light in graphene-based antenna could be enhanced by gold nanostructures with the localized surface plasmons.
This paper proposed a novel pressure sensors based on polymer film with surface microstructures. Polymer film with surface microstructures have displayed unique optoelectronic and electrical properties due to the triboelectric effect. The micro-deformation and moving of polymer microstructures can product electrostatic charge. The pressure sensors can convert external pressure or mechanical deformation into electrical signal. The pressure sensor consists of one polymer film with surface microstructures and one conductive electrode layer. The regular microstructures increase the film roughness and contact triboelectric area to enhance the electrostatic effect. To enhance the performance of the pressure sensor, high-precision microstructures on soft polymer sensitive layers are fabricated using UV nanoimprint lithography to generate more triboelectric charges. The pressure sensor is prepared, which consists of grating with 3 μm- period on the surface of the elastic layer and an indium tin oxide electrode thin film. By converting the friction mechanical energy into electrical power, a maximum power of 423.8 mW/m2 and the sensitivity of 0.7 V/kPa at a frequency of 5 Hz are obtained, which proves the excellent sensing performance of the sensor.
A randomly distributed freeform cylindrical microlens (RFCML) is proposed for laser beam reshaping and homogenization. By introducing a freeform surface in the microlens, the optical field can be controlled with the expected distribution with a single interface. With the help of randomly distributed subapertures of the microlens, the diffraction orders of the microstructure are smoothed and the optical field is homogenized in the far field. The theoretical design of the RFCML is carried out, and the influence of the field smoothing with the random coefficient is analyzed. With the optimized results, the device is fabricated with the laser beam direct writing method and demonstrates the excellent property of laser beam homogenization in the device. The experimentally reshaped homogenized line with a full angle of 40 deg is in good accordance with the theoretical results.
A kind of terahertz amplitude modulation structure has been proposed in this work, which could achieve ~75% modulation depth of transmittance under 10V gate voltage. It is attributed to two side factors, one is making use of metallic metamaterial array which excites terahertz resonance and enhances the interaction between the terahertz wave and graphene. Therefore, the modulation of terahertz transmission could be enhanced. The other factor is adopting polyethylene oxide-based electrolytes, as a kind of high capacitance material to effectively tuned chemical potential of graphene layer which acts as the active material modulating the transmitted energy.
To enhance the modulation of the terahertz wave in graphene based modulators, the hollow metallic structures are proposed in our works. With the field localization and enhancement raised by the resonant of the hollow metallic structures, the interaction between the graphene and the terahertz wave is enhanced. It leads to the modulation enhanced when the conductance of graphene is tuned by applied voltage. The samples with hollow square ring array structure and hollow H-cross array structure is discussed with simulations and experiments. The results indicate that the maximum modulation enhancement is achieved near the resonant frequencies.
Nano-conglutination technology is a nonconventional nanofabrication technique to use adhesive materials to “stick” nanostructures, which relies on excellent properties of adhesive materials. In this article, we propose a novel hybrid material based on thiol-ene system as the adhesive material for nano-conglutination technology. Thiol-ene system is a kind of UV-curable polymer via “click reaction” to form cross-linked network, which is low viscosity, rapid polymerization rate, high Young’s modulus, and low cost. High-resolution nanostructures such as nano-bowl and nanopillar arrays with sub-200 nm resolution are achieved using thiol-ene adhesive material via nano-conglutination technology. Special reactions of thiols with reactive carbon-carbon double bonds happen in the crosslink process, which make the thiol-ene system be enough low viscosity to keep conformal with the stuck nanostructures and be enough high rigid to easily separate from the mold and keep the original arrangement of nanostructures. This study promotes nanostructures for potential applications of optical, electronics, and photonic devices due to the surface plasmon resonance, surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy, electrical effect, and nonlinear optical response.
Graphene-Si heterojunction devices have been widely studied in the field of photoelectric detection, solar cells and sensors areas. However, optical modulation devices based on graphene-Si heterojunction have been rarely reported. Herein, we analyze the photoelectric performance of the graphene-Si heterojunction at different laser powers. The Fermi level of the graphene can be tuned as the photo-excited holes in Si diffuse into the graphene. For the hybrid Si-graphene waveguide modulator, the maximum modulation efficiency of 279.3 dB/cm is achieved at 1550 nm by using finite element analysis method. We hope that the study of the graphene-Si heterojunction can provide a way for application in hybrid graphene-Si waveguide modulators.
The fabrication method of hard template substrate supporting in the lithography process is proposed to realize THz devices based on low loss polymer substrate with large effective area. Based on this method, the THz polarizer with single layered and double layered grating structure are fabricated and measured. The transmission spectra indicates that the loss of the polarizer is low and the polarization extinction ratio is as high as 55dB and 70dB for single and double layered samples respectively. The THz band stop filter result indicates that the loss keeps low and the filter band width is wider for the multi-layered metallic structure.
A theoretical model is proposed to analyze the fabrication of metal nanopartical resist by metal nanofilm annealing, which is used in the manufacture of the transmission-enhanced subwavelength structures at the interface of the optical glass. Based on the conservation of volume of the metal before annealing and after heat treatment, the theoretical relationships of the structure parameters between the metal nanofilm and the metal nanoparticles are obtained. The experimental results coincide well with the theory model, which offers a theoretical guidance to fabricate subwavelength antireflected structures with the advantage of low cost achieved through metal nanofilm annealing. By this means, the average transmission of the quartz device intensifies to 97.9% for the structures fabricated on the both sides compared with the 93% for the unstructured one.
The terahertz metamaterial with metallic symmetric square slit ring array is proposed to sensing human cells. The sensitivity of the structure is discussed with the finite element method simulations and the optimized structure parameters are obtained. The cell location analysis is carried out and the calculated result shows that the gaps are the most sensitive places in the structure. With the lithography of hard wafer support, the metamaterial terahertz sensor is fabricated on the thin and flexible polyethylene glycol terephthalate (PET) substrate which is low loss in terahertz waveband. In the sensing experiment, the human renal epithelial cell transfected with adenovirus EIA gene-293t cells are in situ grown on the surface of the fabricated terahertz metamaterial sensor. With the terahertz time domain spectroscopy (THz-TDS), the resonant frequency of the metamaterial shift 18GHz after the 293t cells are grown onto it.
A terahertz phase modulator combined with single layered graphene and metal metasurface is proposed. With the high electron mobility of graphene, the modulator owns high speed modulation. With the strong interaction between the terahertz wave and the metal metasurface, the deep modulation is obtained in the structure only contains a single layered graphene. With the finite element method (FEM), the resonant in the structure with different polarization incidence is discussed and the parameter influence is analyzed. The maximum phase modulation is over 100 degree when the chemical potential of graphene is tuned from 0.1eV to 0.2eV.
The noise immunity of spectral detection is analyzed theoretically for the kind of chip spectrometer based on the combine of integrated filter matrix and sparse recovery. With the sparse representation algorithm, the mathematic model of the detection noise and condition number of filter matrix is built for the Gaussian shaped incident spectrum. In the simulations, the filter matrix with different condition number is produced by changing the cavity length with the fabry perot (FP) interference model. An exponential relationship between the spectrum recovery variance and the condition number is obtained, which is consistent with the built theory model. The result reveals that when the condition number of filter matrix is 103 level, the noise tolerance of chip spectrometer will be as large as 10% when the variance is about 5 ×10-3 in the sparse recovery.
Catering to the active demand of the miniaturization of spectrometers, a simple microspectrometer with small size and
light weight is presented in this paper. The presented microspectrometer is a typical filter-based spectrometer using the
extraordinary optical transmission property of subwavelength metal hole array structure. Different subwavelength metal
nanohole arrays are designed to work as different filter units obtained by changing the lattice parameters. By processing
the filter spectra with a unique algorithm based on sparse representation, the proposed spectrometer is demonstrated to
have the capability of high spectral resolution and accuracy. Benefit for the thin filmed feature, the microspectrometer is
expected to find its application in integrated optical systems.
Nanofabrication is the foundation of nanophotonics and has become a research hotspot in the last decades. The method
annealing crack is proposed to transfer the nanocracks from ultraviolet (UV) resist to other photonic materials. The
method is demonstrated by simulating the inner stress distribution with the thermal-structure analysis. In addition, the
parameter influence to the maximum stress is discussed and the results indicate that the annealing temperature has a
large effect. The method is simple, low cost, high efficiency and is a good candidate to fabricate nanophotonic structures
with critical size less than 50nm.
A method of realizing a compact Fourier transform spectrometer is proposed in this work, which is based on the polarization interference in a single layer of birefringent liquid crystal (BLC). The continuous interference between the ordinary light and the extraordinary light is driven by a continuously adjusted electric field. Benefiting from the single-layer configuration with no moving parts, the spectrometer is easily miniaturized. The method to realize the spectrometer is theoretically analyzed and experimentally demonstrated by a layer of nematic BLC with a 100-μm thickness.
High performance infrared polarizer with broad band is required for various infrared applications. The conventional infrared polarizer, based on the birefringence effect of natural crystal, is cost-consuming in fabrication and can hardly be integrated into micro-optical systems due to its large bulk. In this paper, an infrared polarizer is proposed in the spectrum from 3 to 19 μm based on sub-wavelength metal wire grid. The dependence of the performance on some key parameters, including metal materials, geometrical parameters, has been deeply investigated by using the Finite-Difference Time-Domain (FDTD) method. The results show that Au wire-grids have a higher transmittance for the Transverse Magnetic(TM) mode light than that of other metal materials, and both the grid period and the grid thickness have important impact on the performance. Based on these observations, a polarizer has been designed by choosing the optimal value of related parameters. Numerical simulation suggests that the designed infrared wire grid polarizer have advantages of broad band, high TM polarization transmission efficiencies and high extinction ratios. The transmission efficiencies of TM polarization are larger than 59.3%, and the extinction ratios range from 28.6 to 44.6 dB in that range of the spectrum.
The deflection of light of a single optical surface is limited by the Fresnel reflection loss and it is usually not enough to
meet the requirements in large road width, tilt lighting LED lens design. This paper presents a method which greatly
increases the light deflection angle of LED lens by combining a tilting aspherical surface with a freeform surface. Using
this design method, a road lighting LED lens for length L= 30m, road width W=12m and tilt angle θ = 15 ° is designed and manufactured. The experimental results show that the overall road luminance uniformity is as high as 0.7. This design method greatly expand the light distributing capacity of the free-form surface LED lens, and it can be widely used in the design of LED road lighting lens and other illumination applications where large light deflection angle is needed.
The secondary optical lens of the light-emitting diode (LED) constructed with freeform surface plays more and more
important role in common illumination. The reflective loss at the freeform interfaces is discussed in this work. To restrict
the reflective loss of the rays with the large incident angle, the freeform surface design rule is proposed. In this rule, the
maximum deflexion angle of the refractive surface is 25° for a single freeform interface when choose PMMA to be the
lens material, and the total reflection surface is introduced to control the rays which cannot be dealt by the refractive
surfaces. The lens examples based on this rule are constructed by multi-segment freeform surfaces and the results show
that the reflective loss is controlled less than 10%.
The detection limit of surface plasmon resonance imaging (SPRI) biosensor is constrained in part by the SPR biochip
and in part by the resolution of the optical intensity of detecting instruments. In this paper, silicon photodiode is
proposed as the optical intensity detecting element instead of the traditionally used charge coupled device (CCD),
combining with high resolution analog/digital converter, this method can efficiently reduce the cost and increase the
sensitivity of the SPRI system while keeping its virtue of multiple channels real time detecting. Based on this method,
An SPRI experimental system with two channels is designed and the optical intensity of each channel is detected by a
photodiode. By carrying out testing experiments using sucrose solution with different concentrations (corresponding to
different refractive index), the system sensitivity of 10-6 refractive index unit (RIU) is obtained.
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