Papaverine is an opiate alkaloid used in the primary treatment of visceral spasms, cardiac and cerebral vasospasms, and occasionally for the treatment of erectile dysfunction [1]. Although found in opium poppy, papaverine differs both in structure and pharmacological action for opioid analgesics, morphine and related substances [2].
Papaverine is used to treat gastrointestinal tract spasms, bile ducts, ureters as a cerebral and coronary vasodilator, subarachnoid hemorrhage [3] and a coronary artery bypass [4]. Papaverine is used as a smooth muscle relaxant in microsurgery if it is applied directly to blood vessels. In the treatment of erectile dysfunction, a papaverine gel has recently been used [5]. Also, in combination with other drugs, it is commonly used in cryopreservation of blood vessels [6, 7].
Papaverine is a direct relaxing smooth muscle, which is attributed to its ability to inhibit phosphodiesterase. It can be administered for peripheral cerebral and coronary circulation. It can also be used for vascular disorders, for gastrointestinal disorders as an antispasmodic and against cough. However, its use for the latest recommendations should be regarded with caution [8].
For these reasons, the determination of papaverine in urine samples is very important [2]. Identification is preferably by GC-MS or HPLC-MS chromatographic techniques [9].
Tramadol is an opioid drug used to treat moderate to moderate pain, which has two different mechanism of action. The first is due to binding to the opioid receptor, and the second is due to the inhibition of serotonin and norepinephrine reabsorption. Due to its hallucinogenic effects, tramadol is also used as a drug of abuse [1]. It is necessary to identify tramadol and its metabolites in urine specimens either for correct dosing of the tramadol in pain therapy, for monitoring the effectiveness of addiction treatment, or for acute poisoning with this opioid compound [2]. An optoelectronic gas chromatographic method coupled with mass spectrometry is presented to determine tramadol and its metabolites in urine samples [3].
Mass spectrometry is an optoelectronic method of identifying organic substances by comparing their mass spectrum of the analyte with the mass spectra deposited in the mass spectrum libraries of the system. High Pressure Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) coupled with Mass Spectrometry (MS) has as main objective the identification of drugs with a molecular molecule of less than 1500 amu (atomic mass units) [1]. To identify the biological products of antidepressants SSRIs have been deposited in the mass-spectra of the MI library, mass spectra obtained in a HPLC-MS interface with ElectroSpray Interface (ESI) or Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionization (APCI). In the paper are presented the mass spectra of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs): citalopram, escitalopram, fluoxetine, fluvoxamine, paroxetine and sertraline, obtained on a HPLC system MS equipped with ESI or APCI.
KEYWORDS: Ions, Signal to noise ratio, Medicine, Interference (communication), Mass spectrometry, Chemical compounds, Latex, Medical toxicology, Reliability, Telecommunications
Methadone is an opioid used in medicine as an analgesic and antidependent maintenance in opioid dependent patients. It is used in the substitution treatment for heroin or other opiates. Methadone belongs to the category of special drugs with a very high potential for dependence and a low lethal dose [1]. Mass spectrometry is an optoelectronic method for determining organic substances by comparing their mass spectrum with mass spectra found in the NIST, Wiley, PMW, and other mass spectrum libraries. In the case of biological products, substances of interest, biotic or xenobiotics may be "hidden" from the noise of the analyzed matrix. A method was developed on a gas chromatograph coupled with a Varian Mass Spectrometer (GC-MS) [2, 3]. The authors presented two methods of increasing sensitivity and signal / noise ratio for the identification of methadone and its metabolites by dissociating ion-specific parent ion for methadone and its metabolites to obtain an MS/MS spectrum.
KEYWORDS: Ions, Mass spectrometry, Chromatography, Optoelectronics, Sodium, Signal to noise ratio, Reliability, Telecommunications, Information technology, Medicine
Drug abuse consists of the use by a subject without a medical recommendation, in quantities or with nonrecommended methods. Substance abuse also refers to their use in order to increase intellectual or physical performance, against the rules established by society. Substance abuse involves the chronic use of non-medical chemicals for hedonistic or entheogenic purposes [1]. Drugs such as alcohol, antidepressants, amphetamine, barbiturates, benzodiazepines, cannabinoids, glue, cocaine, hallucinogens, metacular, narcotics, opiates, sedatives, stimulants and some organic solvents can be named [2]. Substance abuse can cause criminal or antisocial behavior, may generate long-term changes in personality [3].
Cocaine has major toxic effects on the body. Treatment of cocaine poisoning is complex. The main sales are those that can lead to patient death. For the proper treatment of any inoculation, it is necessary to identify the xenobiotic that generated it. The presence of metabolites, in the case of cocaine - ethylbenzoylcogene (EBE), provides information on the time of administration of the xenobiotic.
Gas chromatography or liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry is an optoelectronic method that can identify the presence of cocaine and / or EBE from biological samples. In order to increase the sensitivity of the method, a special mass metrology technique - MS/MS can be used [4, 5].
KEYWORDS: Contamination, Optoelectronics, Mass spectrometry, Chlorine, Spectroscopy, Ions, Spectrophotometry, Chemical elements, Chemical analysis, Scientific research
A great variety of toxic substances has been and is used for plant protection. If these substances were not used, agricultural production would reduce worldwide by 40%. The most effective but also the most toxic substances used as pesticides are reversible inhibitors of cholinesterase are phosphorus-containing substances, organophosphorus compounds (OPs). Some of the agents have direct cholinergic activity [1]. OPs, mainly used in pest control, as an alternative to hydrocarbons, chlorinated care persist for a long time in the environment. These substances are also very toxic for humans [2].
In order to avoid accidental contamination of the population with xenobiotics pesticides, the European Union issued "Regulation (EU) No 915/2010 on ensuring compliance with maximum permitted levels of pesticide residues in and on foodstuffs of plant and animal origin and assessment of consumer exposure to these residues [3]. The list includes 175 pesticides, of which 36 (20%) are OPs.
Optoelectronics has made an important contribution to understanding the life and the impact of xenobiotics on it. The development of spectrophotometry or spectrometry techniques in the field of UV-VIS-IR and mass spectrometry allowed scientists in the field of bio-science to better understand the mysteries of life or to characterize the impact of some elements or chemicals on it [4].
It’s presented an optoelectronic gas chromatographic method coupled with mass spectrometry is used to determine OPs that may be present in control sample (standard mixture) for food, soil or water.
This article highlights using liquid chromatography and the MRM method [1], the presence of fentanyl and norfentanyl [2] in a biological sample, in this case urine. In the method you can see the presence of each segment in the ion of the substance, obtained by ElectroSpray ionization [1], for which the confirmation is desired. The time of acquisition and the potential collision used to obtain it are specified.
The MRM method is performed with a varying concentration gradient of between 10% and 65% [3] over a 9 minute acquisition time at a constant flow rate of 0.3 ml / minute. The gradient increases from 10% to 40% in the first two minutes, then increases from 40% to 65% over the next 3 minutes. The 65% concentration remains for the next 4 minutes.
Platinum (Pt) is a malleable, ductile, silver-white metal with atomic number 78 and an atomic weight of 195.09. Platinum is found in nature in metallic state, alloyed with small amounts of iron, copper, other platinum metals, and sometimes with little gold. This ore appears as granules or nuggets, weighing from a few milligrams to a few pounds, scattered in a silicate (olivine and piroxene). Urine samples (10 ml spot), were collected from patients admitted to the Clinical Toxicology Section. Expert literature recommends the determination of platinum in the normal population of the area as the amount of platinum present in the environment differs. For determination of platinum in biological products an installation consisting of Atomic Absorption Spectrometer Model AAS-880, Atomizing in graphite furnace model GT 100, Autosampler model PSD - Varian. Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (GF-AAS) optoelectronic method presented is a fast, reproducible, with a very good sensitivity for monitoring population or staff exposed to platinum and its compounds.
Platinum is a malleable, ductile metal, silvery white, with atomic number 78 and atomic weight 195.09. We can find it in nature mainly as isotopes: Pt194 (32.9%), Pt195 (33.8%) și Pt196 (25.3%). Of all platinum metals, platinum has the most uses and it’s the most abundant and most easily to be processed.
Its use in auto catalysts results in environmental contamination of crowded cities and high-traffic roads. In medicine, Pt is used as a cytostatic drug. Specific platinum complexes, especially cis-diamminedichloroplatinum (II) (cisplatin), Cis-[oxalate (trans-1-1,2- diaminocyclohexane)] platinum(II) (oxaliplatin) and cis-diammine (1,1- cyclobutanedicarboxylato) platinum(II) (carboplatin), used in therapeutic practice [1,2]. Determination of the Pt concentration in biological samples provides medical personnel with useful information on the efficacy of the cytostatic treatment. An optoelectronic method for determining the concentration of Pt in urine, blood and hair samples collected from patients undergoing cytostatic treatment with platinum-based products is presented. To determine the concentration of Pt in biological products was used: Atomic Absorption Spectrometer model AAS-880, Atomization in the graphite furnace model GT 100, Programable Sample Dispenser PSD - Varian. Platinum concentrations of biological samples collected from platinum, based cytotoxic patients are presented. The presented method can be used to monitor platinumbased chemotherapy with platinum compounds. Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (GF-AAS) method presented is sensitive, reproducible, and relatively easy to apply with an acceptable cost.
Access to the requested content is limited to institutions that have purchased or subscribe to SPIE eBooks.
You are receiving this notice because your organization may not have SPIE eBooks access.*
*Shibboleth/Open Athens users─please
sign in
to access your institution's subscriptions.
To obtain this item, you may purchase the complete book in print or electronic format on
SPIE.org.
INSTITUTIONAL Select your institution to access the SPIE Digital Library.
PERSONAL Sign in with your SPIE account to access your personal subscriptions or to use specific features such as save to my library, sign up for alerts, save searches, etc.