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The chemical potentials of electrons (holes), oxide ions and cations have been analyzed to clarify the mass transfer across/along grain boundaries. We have adopted two ways of (1) examining the mass transfer in grain boundaries in an analogous way to bulk phenomena and of (2) examining the chemical potential properties intrinsic to grain boundaries. For the first purpose, interesting bulk phenomena have been examined and analogous phenomena in grain boundaries are discussed in terms of a similar diffusion mechanism. For the second purpose, the non-equilibrium nature in grain boundaries are focused.
Harumi Yokokawa,Natsuko Sakai,Teruhisa Horita, andMasayuki Dokiya
"Thermodynamic considerations on mass transfer along and across grain boundaries in ceramic materials", Proc. SPIE 2779, 3rd International Conference on Intelligent Materials and 3rd European Conference on Smart Structures and Materials, (26 April 1996); https://doi.org/10.1117/12.237061
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Harumi Yokokawa, Natsuko Sakai, Teruhisa Horita, Masayuki Dokiya, "Thermodynamic considerations on mass transfer along and across grain boundaries in ceramic materials," Proc. SPIE 2779, 3rd International Conference on Intelligent Materials and 3rd European Conference on Smart Structures and Materials, (26 April 1996); https://doi.org/10.1117/12.237061