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The papers included in this volume were part of the technical conference cited on the cover and title page. Papers were selected and subject to review by the editors and conference program committee. Some conference presentations may not be available for publication. The papers published in these proceedings reflect the work and thoughts of the authors and are published herein as submitted. The publisher is not responsible for the validity of the information or for any outcomes resulting from reliance thereon. Please use the following format to cite material from this book: Author(s), “Title of Paper,” in Adaptive X-Ray Optics III, edited by Stephen L. O'Dell, Ali M. Khounsary,, Proceedings of SPIE Vol. 9208 (SPIE, Bellingham, WA, 2014) Article CID Number. ISSN: 0277-786X ISBN: 9781628412352 Published by SPIE P.O. Box 10, Bellingham, Washington 98227-0010 USA Telephone +1 360 676 3290 (Pacific Time) · Fax +1 360 647 1445 Copyright © 2014, Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers. Copying of material in this book for internal or personal use, or for the internal or personal use of specific clients, beyond the fair use provisions granted by the U.S. Copyright Law is authorized by SPIE subject to payment of copying fees. The Transactional Reporting Service base fee for this volume is $18.00 per article (or portion thereof), which should be paid directly to the Copyright Clearance Center (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923. Payment may also be made electronically through CCC Online at copyright.com. Other copying for republication, resale, advertising or promotion, or any form of systematic or multiple reproduction of any material in this book is prohibited except with permission in writing from the publisher. The CCC fee code is 0277-786X/14/$18.00. Printed in the United States of America. Publication of record for individual papers is online in the SPIE Digital Library.
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The CID Number appears on each page of the manuscript. The complete citation is used on the first page, and an abbreviated version on subsequent pages. Numbers in the index correspond to the last two digits of the six-digit CID Number. AuthorsNumbers in the index correspond to the last two digits of the six-digit citation identifier (CID) article numbering system used in Proceedings of SPIE. The first four digits reflect the volume number. Base 36 numbering is employed for the last two digits and indicates the order of articles within the volume. Numbers start with 00, 01, 02, 03, 04, 05, 06, 07, 08, 09, 0A, 0B…0Z, followed by 10-1Z, 20-2Z, etc. Alcock, Simon G., 0G Aldcroft, Thomas L., 05, 07 Allured, Ryan, 05, 06, 07, 09 Anumula, Sunilkumar, 0J Assoufid, Lahsen, 0D Atkins, Carolyn, 05, 0H Barbera, M., 0A Basso, S., 0A Bookbinder, Jay A., 06 Brenner, G., 04 Brooks, Audrey, 0E, 0F Burrows, David N., 05, 09 Calegari, Francesca, 0J Cao, Jian, 05, 08 Cao, Yifang, 08 Capotondi, F., 04 Cavaco, Jeffrey, 0C, 0E Chalifoux, Brandon D., 05 Chan, Kai-Wing, 05 Civitani, M., 0A Cocco, D., 04 Collura, A., 0A Cotroneo, Vincenzo, 05, 06, 07, 09 Dell'Agostino, S., 0A Egan, Richard, 0C Elsner, Ronald F., 05, 0H Ezzo, Kevin, 0C Forman, William R., 06 Frassetto, Fabio, 0J Freeman, Mark D., 06 Goto, T., 02 Graham, Michael E., 05, 08 Grogans, Shannon, 08 Gubarev, Mikhail V., 05, 06, 0H Heilmann, Ralf K., 05 Ishikawa, T., 02 Jackson, Thomas N, 06, 09 Johnson-Wilke, Raegan L., 05, 06, 07, 09 Karian, Tyler, 08 Keitel, B., 04 Khounsary, Ali M., 0C, 0D Kilaru, Kiranmayee, 05 Kimura, T., 02 Kiskinova, M., 04 Knapp, Peter, 08 Kohmura, Y., 02 Kolodziejczak, Jeffery J., 05, 06, 0H Kujala, Naresh G., 0D La Civita, Daniele, 03 Landers, Franklin, 0C Lillie, Charles F., 05, 0C Lintz, Eric, 0E Lo Cicero, U., 0A Lullo, G., 0A Macrander, Albert T., 0D Mahne, N., 04 Manfredda, M., 04 Mann, K., 04 Marathe, Shashidhara, 0D Marquez, Vanessa, 07 Matsuyama, S., 02 Mazza, Tommaso, 03 McCarville, Thomas, 0F McMuldroch, Stuart, 05, 06, 07, 09 Mey, T., 04 Meyer, Michael, 03 Nakamori, H., 02 Nikoleyczik, J., 09 Nisoli, Mauro, 0J O'Dell, Stephen L., 05, 06, 07, 0H Palmer, David, 0F Pardini, Tommaso, 0F Pedersoli, E., 04 Pelliciari, C., 0A Plönjes, E., 04 Poletto, Luca, 0J Poyneer, Lisa A., 0F Prieskorn, Z., 09 Raimondi, L., 04 Ramirez, J. Israel, 06, 09 Ramsey, Brian D., 05, 06, 07, 0H Reid, Paul B., 05, 06, 07, 09 Riva, M., 0A Riveros, Raul E., 05 Roche, Jacqueline M., 05, 0H Rust, Fiona, 0G Saha, Timo T., 05 Salmaso, B., 0A Sano, Y., 02 Sawhney, Kawal, 0G Schattenburg, Mark L., 05 Schwartz, Daniel A., 05, 06, 07, 09 Sciortino, L., 0A Shi, Xianbo, 0D Siewert, Frank, 0I Signorato, Riccardo, 03 Sinn, Harald, 03, 0I Spiga, D., 0A Sutter, John P., 0G Svetina, C., 04 Tamasaku, K., 02 Tananbaum, Harvey, 06 Trabattoni, Andrea, 0J Trolier-McKinstry, Susan E., 05, 06, 07, 09 Ulmer, Melville P., 05, 08 Vannoni, Maurizio, 03, 0I Vaynman, Semyon, 05, 08 Vikhlinin, Alexey A., 05, 06, 07 Wallace, M., 09 Wang, Hongchang, 0G Wang, Xiaoli, 05, 08 Weisskopf, Martin C., 05, 0H Wilke, Rudeger H. T., 05, 06, 07, 09 Wirth, Allan, 0E Wojcik, Michael J., 0D Yabashi, M., 02 Yamauchi, K., 02 Yang, Fan, 0I Yao, Youwei, 08 Zangrando, M., 04 Zhang, William W., 05 Zhao, Rui, 07 Conference CommitteeProgram Track Chairs
Conference Chairs
Conference Co-chairs
Conference Program Committee
Session Chairs
IntroductionThe conference Adaptive X-ray Optics III met 17 August in San Diego, California, as part of the SPIE Optics + Photonics 2014 International Symposium Optical Engineering + Applications. As with the previous two biannual conferences in this series, its objectives were to provide an effective forum for discussion of recent progress in adaptive or active x-ray optics and to nurture interactions amongst engineers and scientists developing and utilizing active x-ray optics for diverse applications. The 17 papers presented within the 4 sessions of this conference addressed LIGHT-SOURCE APPLICATIONS, ASTRONOMICAL APPLICATIONS, DEVICE DEVELOPMENT, and MODELS AND ALGORITHMS. LIGHT-SOURCE APPLICATIONS (Session 1) reported on development and application of active or deformable mirrors for use at synchrotron or x-ray free-electron-laser (XFEL) light-source facilities. Session 1’s first presentation, by the Osaka University group, described a two-stage focusing system—using two piezoelectric-activated deformable mirrors (DM)—to fine focus an x-ray beam into a 90-nm spot in one dimension. The second presentation proposed a plan to focus an x-ray beam to a 1–2-μm spot at various focal distances at the European XFEL, using a 1-m-long deformable mirror with < 50 nrad RMS slope error. The session’s last presentation described a Kirkpatrick–Baez (KB) mirror system with curvature, roll, and pitch adjustment, for the FERMI@Elettra FEL. This presentation showed that measurements of the focal spot (with plastic ablation imprints) agree with theoretical predictions. ASTRONOMICAL APPLICATIONS (Session 2) reported on the development of active grazing-incidence optics for x-ray astronomy. Session 2’s first presentation summarized the requirements for a large-aperture-area (≈ 3 m2) high-resolution (< 1”) x-ray telescope, the technical and programmatic challenges, and several approaches—both static and active—toward achieving this goal. The second presentation described technical requirements for the Square-Meter Arcsecond-Resolution Telescope for X-rays (SMART-X), a mission concept using adjustable x-ray mirrors, which the Smithsonian Astrophysics Observatory (SAO) is leading. Next, a related presentation reported on the current status of technology development of adjustable x-ray optics using thin-film piezoelectric deposition with patterned electrodes on the back of thin slumped-glass mirrors for bimorph (surface tangential) actuation. The session’s last presentation discussed an alternate approach, which employs thin-film magnetically smart materials (MSM) in combination with a magnetically hard substrate to provide bimorph-like actuation through the magnetostrictive effect. DEVICE DEVELOPMENT (Session 3) addressed technology development, fabrication, and characterization of surface-tangential actuators for bimorph adjustment of x-ray mirrors. Session 3’s first presentation described the research at Pennsylvania State University (PSU) to develop thin-film piezoelectric arrays on the backs of slumped-glass mirrors, in support of the SAO-led SMART-X mission concept. Recent progress includes improved device yield and incorporation of zinc-oxide thin-film transistors (TFT) onto pixilated electrodes over the thin-film lead zirconate titanate (PZT) piezoelectric layer, thus providing row-column addressing of individual pixels. The second presentation reported on initial efforts at Brera and at Palermo to correct the figure of thin grazing-incidence optics, using commercially available PZT pads attached to the backs of thin-walled slumped-glass or plastic-foil mirrors for bimorph actuation, in conjunction with feed-back based upon intra-focal x-ray images. The third presentation reported on fabrication and functional characterization at AOA–Xinetics of two x-ray deformable mirrors (XDM)—for use in a Kirkpatrick–Baez (KB) configuration—each with a 4x27 array of lead magnesium niobate (PMN) electrostrictive pads bonded to the back of a 100×300-mm2 2.5-mm-thick silicon substrate. The next presentation described x-ray (18-keV) characterization of this XDM at an Argonne synchrotron beam line, using Talbot interferometry to monitor the mirror figure at various actuator settings. The fifth presentation reported on optimization, fabrication, and functional testing at AOA–Xinetics of a high-precision XDM, with a 1×45 array of PMN electrostrictive pads bonded to the back of a 450-mm-long thick silicon substrate. The last presentation of the session described calibration of this XDM’s actuators and internal sensors (strain gauges and resistance thermometers), using high-precision phasing interferometry at Lawrence Livermore. This presentation concluded with a description of initial experiments in closed-loop operation of the XDM using only information from the internal sensors. MODELS AND ALGORITHMS (Session 4) reported on analytic and numeric methods applied to problems in active x-ray optics. Session 4’s first presentation investigated structures in the defocused x-ray image, showed a relationship with mid-frequency figure errors, and simulated mitigation of these errors using active figure control. The second presentation studied the influence of the mounting configuration on active figure correction and consequent performance of nested thin x-ray mirrors. The third presentation described development of an error-minimization scheme to address the inverse problem in active figure correction of x-ray mirrors. The final presentation of this session and Conference discussed focusing an XUV beam for a pump-probe experiment, which requires de-magnifying a high-harmonic-generation gas target to a 10-μm spot. This investigation simulated the spatial and temporal structure of the spot—focused using 3 toroidal grazing-incidence mirrors—and utilized a genetic algorithm to optimize the focus through active alignment of the 2nd and 3rd toroidal mirrors. Overall, the presentations in this Conference demonstrate a gradual growth in the utilization of active x-ray optics for light-source applications and progress in developing active-optics technologies for x-ray telescopes. While specific requirements and constraints differ between (ground-based) light-source facilities and (in-space) x-ray telescopes, there are nonetheless many similar hardware, software, and theoretical issues. We thank the Conference Program Committee for helping to organize the technical program and for fostering broad participation, and the session chairs and presenters for a successful and stimulating conference. We also appreciate the efforts of the SPIE staff in organizing and implementing the Conference and in publishing these Proceedings Stephen L. O’Dell Ali M. Khounsary |
