Dr. David S. Marx Profile

Dr. David S. Marx

Optical Engineer at Jet Propulsion Lab

SPIE Involvement:

Author

Publications (29)

SPIE Journal Paper | 20 September 2024 Open Access

Open Access

Current laboratory performance of starlight suppression systems and potential pathways to desired Habitable Worlds Observatory exoplanet science capabilities

Bertrand Mennesson, Ruslan Belikov, Emiel Por, Eugene Serabyn, Garreth Ruane, A. J. Eldorado Riggs, Dan Sirbu, Laurent Pueyo, Rémi Soummer, Jeremy Kasdin, Stuart Shaklan, Byoung-Joon Seo, Christopher Stark, Eric Cady, Pin Chen, Brendan Crill, Kevin Fogarty, Alexandra Greenbaum, Olivier Guyon, Roser Juanola-Parramon, Brian Kern, John Krist, Bruce Macintosh, David Marx, Dimitri Mawet, Camilo Mejia Prada, Rhonda Morgan, Bijan Nemati, Leonid Pogorelyuk, Susan Redmond, Sara Seager, Nicholas Siegler, Karl Stapelfeldt, Sarah Steiger, John Trauger, James Wallace, Marie Ygouf, Neil Zimmerman

JATIS, Vol. 10, Issue 03, 035004, (September 2024) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.10.1117/1.JATIS.10.3.035004

KEYWORDS: Coronagraphy, Planets, Signal to noise ratio, Telescopes, Point spread functions, Stars, Exoplanets, Wavefronts, Spectroscopy, Design

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We summarize the current best polychromatic (∼10% to 20% bandwidth) contrast performance demonstrated in the laboratory by different starlight suppression approaches and systems designed to directly characterize exoplanets around nearby stars. We present results obtained by internal coronagraph and external starshade experimental testbeds using entrance apertures equivalent to off-axis or on-axis telescopes, either monolithic or segmented. For a given angular separation and spectral bandwidth, the performance of each starlight suppression system is characterized by the values of “raw” contrast (before image processing), off-axis (exoplanet) core throughput, and post-calibration contrast (the final 1-sigma detection limit of off-axis point sources, after image processing). Together, the first two parameters set the minimum exposure time required for observations of exoplanets at a given signal-to-noise, i.e., assuming perfect subtraction of background residuals down to the photon noise limit. In practice, residual starlight speckle fluctuations during the exposure will not be perfectly estimated nor subtracted, resulting in a finite post-calibrated contrast and exoplanet detection limit whatever the exposure time. To place the current laboratory results in the perspective of the future Habitable Worlds Observatory (HWO) mission, we simulate visible observations of a fiducial Earth/Sun twin system at 12 pc, assuming a 6 m (inscribed diameter) collecting aperture and a realistic end-to-end optical throughput. The exposure times required for broadband exo-Earth detection (20% bandwidth around λ=0.55 μm) and visible spectroscopic observations (R=70) are then computed assuming various levels of starlight suppression performance, including the values currently demonstrated in the laboratory. Using spectroscopic exposure time as a simple metric, our results point to key starlight suppression system design performance improvements and trades to be conducted in support of HWO’s exoplanet science capabilities. These trades may be explored via numerical studies, lab experiments, and high-contrast space-based observations and demonstrations.

SPIE Journal Paper | 11 October 2023 Open Access

Open Access

End-to-end numerical modeling of the Roman Space Telescope coronagraph

John Krist, John Steeves, Brandon Dube, A.J. Eldorado Riggs, Brian Kern, David Marx, Eric Cady, Hanying Zhou, Ilya Poberezhskiy, Caleb Baker, James McGuire, Bijan Nemati, Gary Kuan, Bertrand Mennesson, John Trauger, Navtej Saini, Sergi Hildebrandt Rafels

JATIS, Vol. 9, Issue 04, 045002, (October 2023) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.10.1117/1.JATIS.9.4.045002

KEYWORDS: Coronagraphy, Actuators, Space telescopes, Numerical modeling, Wavefronts, Modeling, Stars, Monochromatic aberrations, Polarization, Simulations

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Proceedings Article | 5 October 2023 Poster + Paper

Poster + Paper

Coralign: a software package for coronagraphic alignment and calibration

A. J. Eldorado Riggs, Michael Bertagna, Garreth Ruane, Eric Cady, David Marx, Sam Halverson, Samuel Miller, Kevin Ludwick

Proceedings Volume 12680, 126802F (2023) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2677703

KEYWORDS: Coronagraphy, Calibration, Wavefronts, Actuators, Point spread functions, Equipment, Phase retrieval, Open source software, Automatic alignment, Fourier transforms

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Proceedings Article | 5 October 2023 Presentation + Paper

Presentation + Paper

Multi-star wavefront control at the occulting mask coronagraph testbed: monochromatic laboratory demonstration for the Roman Coronagraph instrument

Dan Sirbu, Ruslan Belikov, Eduardo Bendek, David Marx, A. J. Eldorado Riggs, Camilo Mejia Prada, Byoung-Joon Seo, Hanying Zhou

Proceedings Volume 12680, 126800Y (2023) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2677778

KEYWORDS: Diffraction, Binary stars, Coronagraphy, Stars, Wavefronts, Equipment, Cameras, Vacuum, Planets, Diffraction gratings, Wavefront aberrations

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The Astro2020 decadal survey recommended the Habitable Worlds Observatory (HWO), NASA’s direct imaging flagship mission, with a goal to achieve a statistically robust mission yield of 25 or more potentially habitable exoplanets. One way to achieve is to increase the instrument effectiveness by introducing additional bright, nearby targets. A majority of Sun-like stars have a stellar companion that can introduce additional noise into the field of view of any high-contrast imaging instrument and enabling exoplanet discovery around binary stars represents a path to increased coronagraphic instrument efficiency by increasing the available science target pool of bright nearby stars. This includes both of the Alpha Centauri A and B stars which would represent the top science target for direct imaging if companion leakage could be suppressed. Multi-Star Wavefront Control (MSWC) is a technique that removes stellar leakage from both stellar components, enabling direct imaging of exoplanets in many binary star systems which can potentially increase coronagraphic instrument effectiveness We present the latest testbed results obtained with MSWC as part of the technology development effort focusing on demonstrations conducted on the Occulting Mask Coronagraph (OMC) testbed at JPL during the vacuum test window last winter, with an additional vacuum test planned for this fall. The MSWC mask consists of a shaped pupil mask similar to the one used for the Wide-Field of View mode, but also includes a set of superimposed, regularly spaced dots that serve as a diffraction grating. OMC has a layout similar to the Roman Space Telescope coronagraph instrument and configured with a binary imaging mode with a MSWC mask using same design as the contributed mask for the Roman coronagraph. Our testbed results represent the first demonstrations of this technique using the recently installed full binary source. We present results demonstrating suppression in the Super-Nyquist regime for the third diffraction order reaching 8.7e-9 contrast with the Roman pupil. In addition, we present results obtained with a physical binary source and running MSWC in a binary star regime demonstrating 9.6e-8 contrast for a geometry matching potential Alpha Centauri observations in a 515 nm monochromatic wavelength (similar but bluer than for Band one) using the fifth diffraction order. Planned demonstrations in the upcoming vacuum window this fall will focus on Band 3d and Band 4 using the full MSWC mode for an Alpha Centauri geometry.

Proceedings Article | 5 October 2023 Poster + Paper

Poster + Paper

Testbed multi-star wavefront control experiment modeling analysis

Hanying Zhou, David Marx, Camilo Mejia Prada, Dan Sirbu, Ruslan Belikov

Proceedings Volume 12680, 1268026 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2676172

KEYWORDS: Diffraction, Modeling, Coronagraphy, Binary stars, Wavefronts, Point spread functions, Dispersion, Singular value decomposition, Optical sensing, Nonlinear control

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Proceedings Article | 27 August 2022 Presentation + Paper

Presentation + Paper

Initial laboratory demonstration of multi-star wavefront control at the occulting mask coronagraph testbed

Dan Sirbu, Ruslan Belikov, Eduardo Bendek, David Marx, A.J. Eldorado Riggs, Garreth Ruane, Camilo Mejia Prada, Brian Kern

Proceedings Volume 12180, 121802A (2022) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2630639

KEYWORDS: Diffraction, Stars, Wavefronts, Coronagraphy, Photomasks, Cameras, Speckle, Manufacturing, Control systems, Imaging systems

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Proceedings Article | 27 August 2022 Presentation + Paper

Presentation + Paper

Laboratory demonstration of high contrast with the PIAACMC coronagraph on an obstructed and segmented aperture

Ruslan Belikov, Dan Sirbu, David Marx, Camilo Mejia Prada, Eduardo Bendek, Eugene Pluzhnik, Stephen Bryson, Brian Kern, Olivier Guyon, Kevin Fogarty, Justin Knight, Daniel Wilson, John Hagopian

Proceedings Volume 12180, 1218025 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2630474

KEYWORDS: Coronagraphy, Stars, Yield improvement, Telescopes, Tolerancing, Wavefronts, Speckle, Modulation, Mirrors, Exoplanets

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Proceedings Article | 1 September 2021 Presentation + Paper

Presentation + Paper

High contrast imaging with MEMS deformable mirrors in the Decadal Survey Testbed

A. J. Eldorado Riggs, Garreth Ruane, Camilo Mejia Prada, David Marx, Byoung-Joon Seo

Proceedings Volume 11823, 118230S (2021) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2593459

KEYWORDS: Coronagraphy, Microelectromechanical systems, Exoplanets, Deformable mirrors, Data modeling

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Proceedings Article | 1 September 2021 Presentation + Paper

Presentation + Paper

Model validation of phase-induced amplitude apodization complex mask coronagraph for LUVOIR-A in vacuum

Dan Sirbu, David Marx, Ruslan Belikov, Eduardo Bendek, Kevin Fogarty, Brian Kern, Olivier Guyon, Eugene Pluzhnyk, Daniel Wilson

Proceedings Volume 11823, 118230R (2021) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2594901

KEYWORDS: Apodization, Coronagraphy, Mirrors, Point spread functions, Wavefronts, Manufacturing, Exoplanets, Performance modeling, Data modeling, Cameras

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Proceedings Article | 1 September 2021 Presentation + Paper

Presentation + Paper

Results from the laboratory demonstration of a PIAACMC coronagraph with a segmented aperture

David Marx, Ruslan Belikov, Dan Sirbu, Brian Kern, Camilo Prada, Eduardo Bendek, Daniel Wilson

Proceedings Volume 11823, 118230O (2021) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2595066

KEYWORDS: Coronagraphy, Telescopes, Actuators, Modulation, Mirrors, Diffraction, Speckle, Photomasks, Image segmentation

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Proceedings Article | 13 December 2020 Poster + Paper

Poster + Paper

Prediction and evaluation of the image of the WFIRST coronagraph pupil at the shaped-pupil mask

David Marx, Brian Kern, John Krist, Bala Balasubramanian, A. J. Eldorado Riggs, Byoung-Joon Seo, Eric Cady, Hong Tang, Camilo Prada, Garreth Ruane, Fang Shi, Charley Noecker, Blake Crowther

Proceedings Volume 11443, 1144339 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2562629

KEYWORDS: Coronagraphy, Image analysis, Telescopes, Optical instrument design, Optimization (mathematics), Wavefronts, Deformable mirrors, Modulation, Tolerancing, Performance modeling

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SPIE Journal Paper | 9 November 2020

Wavefront sensing and control in space-based coronagraph instruments using Zernike’s phase-contrast method

Garreth Ruane, James Kent Wallace, John Steeves, Camilo Mejia Prada, Byoung-Joon Seo, Eduardo Bendek, Carl Coker, Pin Chen, Brendan Crill, Jeff Jewell, Brian Kern, David Marx, Phillip Poon, David Redding, A. J. Eldorado Riggs, Nicholas Siegler, Robert Zimmer

JATIS, Vol. 6, Issue 04, 045005, (November 2020) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.10.1117/1.JATIS.6.4.045005

KEYWORDS: Coronagraphy, Wavefronts, Stars, Actuators, Wavefront sensors, Space telescopes, Cameras, Equipment, Wavefront errors, Wavefront aberrations

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SPIE Journal Paper | 7 October 2020

Microelectromechanical deformable mirror development for high-contrast imaging, part 2: the impact of quantization errors on coronagraph image contrast

Garreth Ruane, Daniel Echeverri, Eduardo Bendek, Brian Kern, David Marx, Dimitri Mawet, Camilo Mejia Prada, A.J. Eldorado Riggs, Byoung-Joon Seo, Eugene Serabyn, Stuart Shaklan

JATIS, Vol. 6, Issue 04, 045002, (October 2020) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.10.1117/1.JATIS.6.4.045002

KEYWORDS: Quantization, Coronagraphy, Actuators, Microelectromechanical systems, Deformable mirrors, Electronics, Control systems, Wavefronts, Stars, Error analysis

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Proceedings Article | 16 September 2019 Presentation + Paper

Presentation + Paper

Testbed demonstration of high-contrast coronagraph imaging in search for Earth-like exoplanets

Byoung-Joon Seo, Keith Patterson, Kunjithapatham Balasubramanian, Brendan Crill, Talso Chui, Daniel Echeverri, Brian Kern, David Marx, Dwight Moody, Camilo Mejia Prada, Garreth Ruane, Fang Shi, John Shaw, Nick Siegler, Hong Tang, John Trauger, Daniel Wilson, Robert Zimmer

Proceedings Volume 11117, 111171V (2019) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2530033

KEYWORDS: Coronagraphy, Exoplanets, Space telescopes, James Webb Space Telescope, Infrared telescopes, Visible radiation, Aerospace engineering, Space operations, Telescopes, Near infrared

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Proceedings Article | 16 September 2019 Presentation + Paper

Presentation + Paper

Design description and commissioning performance of a stable coronagraph technology development testbed for direct imaging of Earth-like exoplanets

Keith Patterson, Byoung-Joon Seo, Kunjithapatham Balasubramanian, Talso Chui, Brendan Crill, John Gill, Brian Kern, Ray Lam, David Marx, Dwight Moody, Camilo Mejia Prada, Garreth Ruane, Jordan Rupp, John Shaw, Fang Shi, Nicholas Siegler, Hong Tang, John Trauger, Victor White, Daniel Wilson, Karl Yee, Robert Zimmer

Proceedings Volume 11117, 111171U (2019) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2530401

KEYWORDS: Exoplanets, Coronagraphy, Deformable mirrors, Visible radiation, Turbulence, Convection, Composites, Vibration isolation, Electronics, Wavefront sensors

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Proceedings Article | 16 September 2019 Presentation + Paper

Presentation + Paper

WFIRST low order wavefront sensing and control (LOWFS/C) performance on line-of-sight disturbances from multiple reaction wheels

Fang Shi, Joel Shields, Tuan Truong, Byoung-Joon Seo, Felipe Fregoso, Brian Kern, David Marx, Keith Patterson, Camilo Mejia Prada, John Shaw, Chris Shelton

Proceedings Volume 11117, 111170I (2019) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2530486

KEYWORDS: Coronagraphy, Wavefront sensors, Wavefronts, Observatories, Wavefront distortions, Telescopes, Device simulation, Hardware testing

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Proceedings Article | 9 September 2019 Presentation + Paper

Presentation + Paper

WFIRST Phase B HLC occulter mask baselining and testbed WFC performance validation

Hanying Zhou, John Krist, Brian Kern, Byoung-Joon Seo, Eric Cady, Bijan Nemati, Dwight Moody, A.J. Eldorado Riggs, David Marx, Daniel Wilson, Kunjithapatham Balasubramanian, Ilya Poberezhskiy, Scott Basinger

Proceedings Volume 11117, 111170H (2019) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2530672

KEYWORDS: Wavefronts, Tolerancing, Coronagraphy, Telescopes, Performance modeling, Control systems, Mask making, Optical instrument design, Aerospace engineering, Space operations

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Proceedings Article | 22 August 2018 Presentation + Paper

Presentation + Paper

Hybrid lyot coronagraph for WFIRST: high contrast testbed demonstration in flight-like low flux environment

Byoung-Joon Seo, Fang Shi, Bala Balasubramanian, Eric Cady, Brian Gordon, Brian Kern, Raymond Lam, David Marx, Dwight Moody, Richard Muller, Keith Patterson, Ilya Poberezhskiy, Camilo Mejia Prada, A.J. Eldorado Riggs, John Trauger, Daniel Wilson

Proceedings Volume 10698, 106982P (2018) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2314358

KEYWORDS: Coronagraphy, Telescopes, Wavefronts, Space telescopes, Low light level imaging

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Proceedings Article | 7 August 2018 Paper

Paper

Fast linearized coronagraph optimizer (FALCO) III: optimization of key coronagraph design parameters

Carl Coker, Garreth Ruane, A J Eldorado Riggs, Erkin Sidick, Byoung-Joon Seo, Brian Kern, David Marx, Stuart Shaklan

Proceedings Volume 10698, 1069851 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2313788

KEYWORDS: Coronagraphy, Stars, Telescopes, Space telescopes, Actuators, Planets, Exoplanets, Diffraction, Optimization (mathematics), Deformable mirrors

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Proceedings Article | 30 July 2018 Presentation + Paper

Presentation + Paper

WFIRST low order wavefront sensing and control dynamic testbed performance under the flight like photon flux

Fang Shi, Byoung-Joon Seo, Eric Cady, Brian Kern, Raymond Lam, David Marx, Keith Patterson, Camilo Mejia Prada, John Shaw, Chris Shelton, Joel Shields, Hong Tang, Tuan Truong

Proceedings Volume 10698, 106982O (2018) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2312746

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Coronagraphy, Wavefronts, Cameras, Stars, Wavefront sensors, Line of sight stabilization, Mirrors, Telescopes, Actuators

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To maintain the required performance for the WFIRST Coronagraph Instrument (CGI) in a realistic space environment, a Low Order Wavefront Sensing and Control (LOWFS/C) subsystem is necessary. The WFIRST CGI LOWFS/C subsystem will use the Zernike wavefront sensor, which has a phase-shifting disk combined with the coronagraph’s focal plane mask, to sense the low-order wavefront drift and line-of-sight (LoS) error using the rejected starlight. The dynamic tests on JPL’s Occulting Mask Coronagraph (OMC) Testbed have demonstrated that LOWFS/C can maintain coronagraph contrast to better than 10^-8 in presence of WFIRST-like line of sight and low order wavefront disturbances in both Shaped Pupil Coronagraph (SPC) and Hybrid Lyot Coronagraph (HLC) modes. However, the previous dynamic tests have been done using a bright source with photon flux equivalent to stellar magnitude of MV = -3.5. The LOWFS/C technology development on the OMC testbed has since then concentrated in evaluating and improving the LOWFS/C performance under the realistic photon flux that is equivalent to WFIRST Coronagraph target stars. Our recent testbed tests have demonstrated that the LOWFS/C can work cohesively with the stellar light suppression wavefront control, which brings broad band coronagraph contrast from ~1x10^-6 to 6x10^-9, while LOWF/C is simultaneously suppressing the WFIRST like LoS and low order wavefront drift disturbances on a source that photon flux is equivalent to a MV = 2 star. This lab demonstration mimics the CGI initial dark hole establish process on a bright reference star. We have also demonstrated on the testbed that LOWFS/C can maintain the coronagraph contrast by suppressing the WFIRST like line-of-sight disturbances on a fainter MV = 5 star. This mimics scenario of CGI science target observations. In this paper we will present the recent dynamic testbed performance results of LOWFS/C LoS loops and low order wavefront error correction loop on the flight like photon flux.

Proceedings Article | 16 July 2018 Presentation + Paper

Presentation + Paper

Shaped pupil coronagraph: disk science mask experimental verification and testing

David Marx, Eric Cady, A. J. Eldorado Riggs, Camilo Prada, Brian Kern, Byoung-Joon Seo, Fang Shi

Proceedings Volume 10698, 106981E (2018) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2312602

KEYWORDS: Coronagraphy, Spatial frequencies, Speckle, Performance modeling, Wavefronts, Fourier transforms, Mirrors, Deformable mirrors

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Proceedings Article | 1 September 2017 Presentation + Paper

Presentation + Paper

Hybrid Lyot coronagraph for WFIRST: high-contrast broadband testbed demonstration

Byoung-Joon Seo, Eric Cady, Brian Gordon, Brian Kern, Raymond Lam, David Marx, Dwight Moody, Richard Muller, Keith Patterson, Ilya Poberezhskiy, Camilo Mejia Prada, Erkin Sidick, Fang Shi, John Trauger, Daniel Wilson

Proceedings Volume 10400, 104000F (2017) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2274687

KEYWORDS: Wavefronts, Infrared telescopes, Wavefront sensors, Infrared radiation, Space telescopes, Telescopes, Exoplanets, Metals, Dielectrics, Deformable mirrors

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Proceedings Article | 1 September 2017 Presentation + Paper

Presentation + Paper

WFIRST coronagraph optical modeling

John Krist, A. J. Riggs, James McGuire, Hong Tang, Nikta Amiri, Gary Gutt, Luis Marchen, David Marx, Bijan Nemati, Navtej Saini, Erkin Sidick, Hanying Zhou

Proceedings Volume 10400, 1040004 (2017) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2274792

KEYWORDS: Performance modeling, Systems modeling, Exoplanets, Spectrographs, Mirrors, Telescopes, Wavefront sensors, Polarization, Tolerancing, MATLAB

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Proceedings Article | 1 September 2017 Presentation + Paper

Presentation + Paper

Dynamic testbed demonstration of WFIRST coronagraph low order wavefront sensing and control (LOWFS/C)

Fang Shi, Eric Cady, Byoung-Joon Seo, Xin An, Kunjithapatham Balasubramanian, Brian Kern, Raymond Lam, David Marx, Dwight Moody, Camilo Mejia Prada, Keith Patterson, Ilya Poberezhskiy, Joel Shields, Erkin Sidick, Hong Tang, John Trauger, Tuan Truong, Victor White, Daniel Wilson, Hanying Zhou

Proceedings Volume 10400, 104000D (2017) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2274887

KEYWORDS: Wavefront sensors, Wavefronts, Mirrors, Deformable mirrors, Environmental sensing, Phase shifting, Optical telescopes, Optical fabrication, Device simulation, Space telescopes

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Proceedings Article | 1 September 2017 Presentation + Paper

Presentation + Paper

Electric field conjugation in the presence of model uncertainty

David Marx, Byoung-Joon Seo, Brian Kern, Erkin Sidick, Bijan Nemati, Ilya Poberezhskiy

Proceedings Volume 10400, 104000P (2017) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2274541

KEYWORDS: Calibration, Space telescopes, Point spread functions, Imaging systems, Adaptive optics, Deformable mirrors, Infrared telescopes, Data modeling, Coronagraphy, Nonlinear optics

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Proceedings Article | 1 September 2017 Paper

Paper

Optimizing the regularization in broadband wavefront control algorithm for WFIRST coronagraph

Erkin Sidick, Byoung-Joon Seo, Brian Kern, David Marx, Ilya Poberezhskiy, Bijan Nemati

Proceedings Volume 10400, 1040022 (2017) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2274440

KEYWORDS: Coronagraphy, Performance modeling, Modeling and simulation, Wavefronts, Deformable mirrors, Space telescopes, Exoplanets, Process control, Control systems, Adaptive optics

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Proceedings Article | 22 July 2016 Paper

Paper

WFIRST/AFTA coronagraph contrast performance sensitivity studies: simulation versus experiment

Erkin Sidick, Byoung-Joon Seo, David Marx, Ilya Poberezhskiy, Bijan Nemati

Proceedings Volume 9912, 99126M (2016) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2231763

KEYWORDS: Device simulation, Deformable mirrors, Coronagraphy, Actuators, Wavefronts, Telescopes, Optical components, Calibration, Modulation, Monte Carlo methods

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Proceedings Article | 14 February 2005 Paper

Paper

Laser metrology in the micro-arcsecond metrology testbed

Xin An, David Marx, Renaud Goullioud, Feng Zhao

Proceedings Volume 5634, (2005) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.580030

KEYWORDS: Metrology, Interferometers, Laser metrology, Heterodyning, Stars, Sensors, Mirrors, Electronics, Optical alignment, Diffraction

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Proceedings Article | 12 October 1994 Paper

Paper

Pit depth encoded memories

David Marx, Demetri Psaltis, Gabriel Sirat

Proceedings Volume 2338, (1994) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.190166

KEYWORDS: Crystals, Sensors, Head, Optical storage, Calcite, Interference (communication), Modulation, Optical discs, Light, Electron beam lithography

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Showing 5 of 29 publications

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