The problem in fluorescence detection of gases like ammonia over a wide range from Parts Per Millions (ppm) to 10,000’s ppm (saturation) is that often at <1000 ppm the spectra show almost no peak wavelength shift or intensity change and only subtle fluorescence spectrum alterations, so new metrics are needed. We are exploring two Vapochromic Coordination Polymers (VCP): Zn[Au(CN)2]2, which emits light when exposed to NH3, shifting its peak from 470 nm to green 530 nm under high concentration while the intensity grows 3-5X. A second VCP In2[Pt(CN)4]3 shifts from 560 nm (yellow) to 530 nm. To enhance spectral changes we use a 405 nm laser diode excitation source’s narrow (4nm) stimulation which is clearly separated from the spectral peak for 1000ppm. Focusing the emission on a USB portable spectrometer we enhance the subtle spectra changes with a method that gives unique all ppm values by dividing the spectrum into 10 nm bins, integrate the emission in each bin, relative to that of 0 ppm emission, then sum all the bins (Sum of Integrated Emissions, SIE). This emphasizes wavelength regions that have rapid relative changes at different ammonia ppm exposures. For Zn[Au(CN)2]2 VCP SIE gives excellent sensitivity between 0-100 ppm and >400 ppm, but has poor accuracy in the 100-500 ppm range. At mid ppm ranges some SIE bins decline while others increase so we switch to a second metric, Limited Range SIE, that covers only the 430-470 nm bins which show an accurate linear response. In many spectral fluorescence cases, in the region where the longer wavelength peak begins to dominate, it is best to focus on regions outside of the peak maxima. At higher ppm where the longer peak begins to dominate the full SIE again works best. The SIE also works for the opposite shift from In2[Pt(CN)4]3 showing that it is a very sensitive metrics for different behaving materials, but not for <40 ppm exposures.
The detection of ammonia and similar gases over a wide range from a few Parts Per Millions (ppm) to 10,000’s ppm in a single sensor is important for industrial applications. We are exploring Vapochromic Coordination Polymers (VCP) specifically Zn[Au(CN)2]2, developed to achieve fluorescence when exposed to NH3. At high concentration of ammonia under UV stimulation VCP spectrally shifts its fluorescent peak from 470nm to 530nm while the intensity grows 3~5X. We use a 405nm laser diode excitation source which provides a narrow (4nm) stimulation clearly separated from the spectral peak. Focusing the emission on a USB portable spectrometer (430 to 700nm) at concentrations <1000 ppm of ammonia there is almost no peak wavelength spectral shift or intensity change and only subtle fluorescent spectrum alterations. To detect first we create a method that gives unique values over the range 1- <1000 ppm by dividing the spectrum into 10 nm bins, integrate the emission in each bin, relative to that of 0 ppm exposure, then sum all the bins (Sum of Integrated Emissions, SIE). The key analysis point is to note that the way the spectrum changes in each wavelength bin varies at different ammonia ppm exposures. SIE gives excellent sensitivity between 0-50 ppm and <400 ppm, but poor accuracy in the 100-500ppm range. Using the SIE to identify measurements in that region we switch to a second metric, Limited Range SIE, that covers only the 430-470nm bins but for 100-500ppm gives an accurate linear response. This shows that in many spectral fluorescence cases in the region where the longer wavelength peak begins to dominate looking at regions outside of the peak maximas is more accurate than including those within the unexposed to saturated exposure (eg ammonia) peak range. By creating a model assuming the fraction z of 0ppm and saturated spectrum are linearly combined we fit the measured spectrum using regression analysis to obtain the z value for all ppm measurements which show what is going on in the VCP conversion.
The detection of ammonia over a wide range from parts per millions (PPM) to 1000’s ppm in a single sensor is of great importance for industrial applications. We have been exploring Vapochromic Coordination Polymers (VCP) specifically Zn[Au(CN)2]2, that was developed to achieve fluorescence when exposed to NH3. Upon high concentration ammonia exposure, the fluorescent peak under near-UV stimulation undergoes a spectral shift from 470nm to 530nm, while the intensity increases by 3~4X. However, at ammonia concentrations < 100 ppm, there is almost no peak wavelength spectral shift or intensity change and only subtle fluorescent spectrum alterations. Using a 405nm laser diode excitation source provides a narrow (4nm) stimulation easily separated from the emission peak. The emission is focused on a USB portable spectrometer (430 to 650 nm). First we create a method that gives unique values over the range <1000 ppm by dividing the spectrum into 20 nm bins, and integrate the emission in each bin, relative to that of 0 ppm exposure (Sum of Integrated Emissions). The key point in this analysis is to note that the way the spectrum changes in each wavelength bin varies at different ammonia ppm exposures. SIE gives excellent sensitivity between 0-50 ppm and <300 ppm, but the 100-300 ppm region has low accuracy. There we change the metric to the Spectral Region Subtraction (SRS) by separating the spectrum into (A) 430-516 nm and (B) from 516 -650 nm, integrate the spectrum and subtract A from B, giving a rapid change within 100-300 ppm.
The detection of ammonia in parts per millions range has been challenging in sensors research, and is of great importance for industrial applications. In previous literature, Vapochromic Coordination Polymers (VCP) were developed to achieve luminescence upon a targeted gas exposures. We investigate a specific VCP, Zn[Au(CN)2]2,as an ammonia sensing material. Upon high concentration ammonia exposure, the fluorescent peak under near-UV stimulation undergoes a spectral shift from 460nm to 520nm, while the intensity increases by 3~4X. However, at ammonia concentrations < 50ppm, the spectral shift becomes hidden within the overall changing fluorescent spectrum shape. Then simple methods, such as detecting the peak wavelength or subtracting post-exposure from pre-exposure spectrums do not work. We developed further excitation and data processing techniques to detect ammonia at lower concentrations. A low-cost 405nm blue-ray DVD laser diode was used as the excitation source, providing a narrow band-width (4nm) stimulation that is separated from the emission peak. We measured the emission using a portable spectrometer (Photon Control SPM-002), and processed the data by separating the spectrum into two regions; (A) from 425 nm to 460 nm and (B) from 460nm to 500nm. Next, the integrated emissions under both regions were computed, and the value of shorter wavelength region (A) was subtracted from the longer wavelength one (B). When exposed to ammonia, region (A) reduces overall intensity while region (B) increases, resulting a signal starting from negative value and gradually increases to positive values, enabling the detection of 5ppm ammonia in less than 30 seconds gas exposure.
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