The fine alignment of X-ray nano-focusing optics, such as Kirkpatrick-Baez (KB) mirrors, depends strongly on the ability to diagnose the X-ray beam at the focus position. Despite conventional diagnostics techniques (e.g. knife-edge) allowing the measurement of the beam profile with sub-micrometer resolution, they may yield poor accuracy for beams with sizes under 100 nm. With nanometer-resolution phase-recovering techniques like ptychography, information about optical aberrations can be obtained experimentally in the complex-valued wavefront. In this work, we use wave-propagation simulations with Synchrotron Radiation Workshop (SRW) to model the CARNAÚBA beamline at Sirius. The beam phase at the KB mirrors exit pupil is decomposed in terms of Zernike rectangular polynomials. The relevant degrees of freedom (DOF) of the mirrors are scanned, allowing the correlation of the Zernike coefficients with the beam profile at focus. Therefore, the aberrations are classified and quantified for each mirror’s DOF, and alignment tolerances are obtained. We find that each DOF can be described by a unique combination of only three Zernike terms. Additionally, a database with the first 15 Zernike coefficients is created by simulating random alignment states and used to train a simple fully-connected neural network. The neural network was able to determine the alignment states of unknown samples with errors below 3%. The combination of Zernike polynomials and neural networks could potentially lead to single-iteration alignment of KB mirrors using wavefront sensing techniques as a diagnostic tool.
Synchrotron scanning X-ray microscopy has been established as a mature technique, bridging the gap between conventional optical microscopy and high-resolution electron microscopy and, notably, adding advantages like large penetration in bulky samples, dose reduction and spectroscopy. The CARNAÚBA beamline at the 4th generation synchrotron source Sirius-LNLS provides an X-ray nanoprobe for simultaneous multi-analytical and coherent X-ray imaging techniques, with spectroscopic capabilities in the 2.05 to 15 keV energy range. The sample is raster-scanned through the nanoprobe to provide two-dimensional maps, which can then be combined with a rotation for computed tomography. In this contribution, some relevant scientific cases for the Day-1 experiments will be presented, along with original instrument solutions for in situ, in operando, cryogenic and in vivo sample environments.
CARNAÚBA (Coherent X-Ray Nanoprobe Beamline) is an X-ray beamline under construction for the SIRIUS light source at LNLS (Brazilian Synchrotron Light Laboratory). The aim of the beamline is to provide multi-analytical and coherent X-ray imaging techniques based on achromatic optics in the energy range between 2 and 15 keV. Computed tomography will extend these techniques into three dimensions. Two end-stations are under development: an all-invacuum nanoprobe (SAPOTI) and a sub-microprobe (TARUMÃ), with a more flexible sample environment and much larger working distance. TARUMÃ will cover a large variety of scientific areas, from environmental, geophysical, agricultural and biological research to energy and more condensed matter related areas. Its design characteristics, with its mechanical design heavily based on precision engineering concepts and predictive modeling, are presented here, as well as some prospects on in situ, in operando and cryogenic sample environment experiments.
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