Currently, Mid-Air Display (MAD) technology is of a great interest to practitioners. Potential application in consumer products with large aperture “floating” image displays, like TV, monitor, ATM, vending machine, home appliance, etc., and contactless user interface for remote control increase their attractiveness. In order to obtain enlarged mid-air image size at maintaining large horizontal Field of View (FoV) and high light display efficiency, the following challenges are to be solved: developing high fill-factor Diffractive Optical Elements (DOE) architecture with optimal size of out-coupling aperture and designing custom-made projection optics with specified exit pupil matched to in-coupling DOE. As a possible solution to abovementioned problems, the authors propose a MAD based on commercially available projector source, custom-made projection optics and designed corner DOE waveguide architecture with focusing Fresnel lens. The mid-air image is formed at the back focal plane of the Fresnel lens, between the viewer and the display. For mid-air image with five-inch diagonal and 32° horizontal FoV, we take waveguide out-coupling aperture of 245 x 145 mm2 and Fresnel lens with back focal length of 220 mm and obtain image brightness ~1000 cd/m2 due to custom projection optics. Basic contactless user interaction was also implemented.
Deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty (DALK) is an emerging surgical technique for the restoration of corneal clarity and vision acuity. The big-bubble technique in DALK surgery is the most essential procedure that includes the air injection through a thin syringe needle to separate the dysfunctional region of the cornea. Even though DALK is a well-known transplant method, it is still challenged to manipulate the needle inside the cornea under the surgical microscope, which varies its surgical yield. Here, we introduce the DALK protocol based on the position-guided needle and M-mode optical coherence tomography (OCT). Depth-resolved 26-gage needle was specially designed, fabricated by the stepwise transitional core fiber, and integrated with the swept source OCT system. Since our device is feasible to provide both the position information inside the cornea as well as air injection, it enables the accurate management of bubble formation during DALK. Our results show that real-time feedback of needle end position was intuitionally visualized and fast enough to adjust the location of the needle. Through our research, we realized that position-guided needle combined with M-mode OCT is a very efficient and promising surgical tool, which also to enhance the accuracy and stability of DALK.
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