It is assumed that activated neutrophils contribute to the development of anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic auto-antibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitis due to the association of myelopeoxidase(MPO)-ANCA with MPO expressed on the surface of activated neutrophils. FITC-labeled antibody (Ab) used widely are not suitable for neutrophil examination because of the labile fluorescence emission of FITC. Therefore, it is necessary to develop specific fluorescent probes for MPO detection in neutrophils in vivo. Recently, fluorescent nanocrystal quantum dots (QDs) have been used for biotechnological and medical applications because of their greater and far longer fluorescence in. QDs have several advantages over organic fluorophores: high luminescence, far longer stability against photobleaching, and a range of fluorescence wavelengths from blue to infrared, depending on particle size. Thus, we examined the role of MPO and the Ab to MPO in the pathogenesis of glomerulonephritis associated with MPO-ANCA in experimental glomerulonephritis mice using QDs. We demonstrated the QD-conjugated anti-MPO Ab visualized the expression of MPO on the neutrophil surface after stimulation with proinflammatory cytokines. In addition, QD immuno-conjugates with anti-recombinant murine MPO (rmMPO) Ab revealed the trafficking of MPO-ANCA in vivo. Deceleration of blood flow in kidney vessels
occurred in model mice, in which serum proteins including anti-rmMPO Ab were leaked out from collapsed glomeruli into the proximal tubule. Thus, sustained MPO expression on the neutrophil surface was significantly related to glomerulonephritis. These results indicate that the expressed MPO on the activated neutrophils with anti-MPO Ab may coordinately play essential roles in the initial steps for the development of glomerulonephritis.
Immunological diagnostic methods have been widely performed and showed high performance in molecular and cellular biology, molecular imaging, and medical diagnostics. We have developed novel methods for the fluorescent labeling of several antibodies coupled with fluorescent nanocrystals QDs. In this study we demonstrated that two bacterial toxins, diphtheria toxin and tetanus toxin, were detected simultaneously in the same view field of a cover slip by using directly QD-conjugated antibodies. We have succeeded in detecting bacterial toxins by counting luminescent spots on the evanescent field with using primary antibody conjugated to QDs. In addition, each bacterial toxin in the mixture can be separately detected by single excitation laser with emission band pass filters, and simultaneously in situ pathogen quantification was performed by calculating the luminescent density on the surface of the cover slip. Our results demonstrate that total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy (TIRFM) enables us to distinguish each antigen from mixed samples and can simultaneously quantitate multiple antigens by QD-conjugated antibodies. Bioconjugated QDs could have great potentialities for in practical biomedical applications to develop various high-sensitivity detection systems.
Fluorescent nanoparticles, such as nanocrystal quantum dots (QDs), novel nanometer-size probes and have the potential to be used as easy imaging tool for molecular biology and bioimaging including medical applications, since some nanocrystals emit higher and far longer fluorescence than conventional organic probes. QDs are now becoming widely used in biotechnology and medical applications. QDs have several advantages over organic fluorophores with regard to high luminescence, stability against photobleaching, and a range of fluorescence wavelengths from blue to infrared depending on the particle size. In this review, we reported labeling of some kinds of immune cells and biomolecules with several QDs coated with hydrophilic carboxyl/amine groups, and reported that we could image the circulation of mouse lymphocytes in vivo by QDs. In addition, we also reported here about the cytotoxicity of these nanocrystals.
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