We have developed an X-ray zoom condenser optical system using deformable mirrors that can adjust the beam size by deformation of their shape. The shapes of deformable mirrors are changed by a combination of mechanical and piezoelectric bending. Large deformations up to third order polynomials are achieved by mechanical bending. More precise shapes are achieved by piezoelectric bimorph mirror. However, because both ends of the mirror are mechanically clamped, capability of deformation by piezoelectric bending is lower than that of free-standing piezoelectric bimorph mirrors. So, we propose a bending method that tunes the mechanical bending conditions to intentionally leave the optimized shape error to be easily compensated by the piezoelectric bending process.
Various types of X-ray focusing optical systems are used at X-ray synchrotron radiation and free-electron laser facilities. However, these are designed for specific purposes and fixed optical parameters such as the numerical aperture (NA). Their lack of adaptability limits their application targets. In this research, we developed an X-ray adaptive focusing optical system which can control the beam size without moving the position of focus. The optical system consists of two deformable mirrors in one dimension. To vary the focused beam size, the NA is controlled by deforming the shape of the mirrors from concave to convex. The results will be presented along with the aberration properties estimated by ray trace and wave optical methods.
In synchrotron radiation facilities and X-ray free electron laser facilities, beam size adjustment depending on the experimental condition and the sample size is necessary. Various types of X-ray focusing optical systems are used for beam conditioning. However, they are specially designed for specific purposes and optical parameters such as numerical aperture (NA) and focal length are fixed. This lack of adaptability has limited application targets. In this research, we are developing X-ray adaptive focusing optical system which can control the beam size without moving the position of the focus. The optical system consists of two deformable mirrors in one dimension. In order to control the focused beam size, the NA can be controlled by deforming the mirror shapes from concave to convex. When we want to achieve large NA, deform the upstream mirror into convex shape and spread the beam. The downstream mirror receives X-ray with full aperture and X-ray is focused at focal point. When we want to achieve small NA, deform the upstream mirror into a concave shape and narrow down the reflection area of downstream mirror. NA becomes small because reflection area of downstream mirror becomes narrow. One dimensional focusing experiment of large NA adaptive optical system was performed at SPring-8 as a demonstration. A focused beam with an intensity profile having a full width at half maximum of 134 nm was achieved at 10 keV. This is close to ideal beam size. In my presentation, I will explain details of adaptive focusing optics and deformable mirrors.
Insect and bird size drones – micro air vehicles (MAV) that can perform autonomous flight in natural and man-made environment and hence suitable for environmental monitoring, surveillance, and assessment of hostile situations are now an active and well-integrated research area. Biological flapping-flight system design that has been validated through a long period of natural selection offers an alternative paradigm that can be scaled down in size, but normally brings lowspeed aerodynamics and flight control challenges in achieving autonomous flight. Thus mimetics in bioinspired flight systems is expected to be capable of providing with novel mechanisms and breakthrough technologies to dominate the future of MAVs. Flying insects that power and control flight by flapping wings perform excellent flight stability and manoeuvrability while steering and manoeuvring by rapidly and continuously varying their wing kinematics. Flapping wing propulsion, inspired by insects, birds and bats, possesses potential of high lift-generating capability under lowspeed flight conditions and may provide an innovative solution to the dilemma of small autonomous MAVs. In this study, with a specific focus on robustness strategies and intelligence in insect and bird flights in terms of morphology, dynamics and flight control, we present the state of the art of flying biomechanics in terms of flapping wing aerodynamics, flexible wing and wing-hinge dynamics, passive and active mechanisms in stabilization and control, as well as flapping flight in unsteady environments. We further highlight recent advances in biomimetics of insect-inspired flapping MAVs in concern with wing design and fabrication.
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